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	<title>Pablo Helguera &#187; Sociology</title>
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		<title>The Estheticist (Issue 9, March 2011)</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2011/03/the-estheticist-issue-9-march-2011/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2011/03/the-estheticist-issue-9-march-2011/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Mar 2011 02:09:30 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Psychology of Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Questions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sociology]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[
Dear Estheticist,
As a latino artist making art about my culture, I often ask, “what’s the point of making this kind of art?” Sometimes it seems futile… everyone always says “Uptown is so far”… Is it up to me to bridge the gap?
—Washington Heights Girl
Dear Washington Heights Girl,
It is very difficult to be an artist negotiating [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="attachment wp-att-1766" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/estheticist-title-mar11.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1766" title="estheticist title mar11" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/estheticist-title-mar11-699x450.jpg" alt="" width="699" height="450" /></a></p>
<p>Dear Estheticist,</p>
<p>As a latino artist making art about my culture, I often ask, “what’s the point of making this kind of art?” Sometimes it seems futile… everyone always says “Uptown is so far”… Is it up to me to bridge the gap?</p>
<p>—Washington Heights Girl</p>
<p>Dear Washington Heights Girl,</p>
<p>It is very difficult to be an artist negotiating two cultures, but it is that very need to negotiate that will make you stronger. You have been presented with both a gift and a challenge: you come from a rich background of cultural references, and you live in a situation where it is possible for you to take distance from them and see them critically.  You should not see yourself as a Latina artist against the white mainstream, or someone who needs to abandon her background to be accepted, but rather as an artist who is informed by both a latino background and a downtown art world.  And the people who may reject your art or claim you as one of their own don’t decide where you belong: they are all actors on the social and cultural environment that you are to respond to as an artist.</p>
<p>Both places are imperfect and uncomfortable, and both will at times appear to make you feel foreigner. But it is a necessary condition for an artist to be an outsider:  it is a necessary standpoint to better comment on reality. So while it may be a burden to, as you say, “bridge the gap”, it is essential for you to maintain a relationship between those two worlds, and use your frustration as energy toward creating more art.  The wrong direction would be to give up either uptown or downtown. As you grow into a fully –formed artist, those physical barriers will prove themselves as more psychological than real, and you and your art will eventually be able to subsume both.</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>The Estheticist.</p>
<p>-</p>
<p>Dear Estheticist</p>
<p>As a white male philosophy major, I find myself in a position of culture-less-ness. I identify with little geographical or religious heritage. In my artistic endeavors, I find myself embracing technology as a mediator between myself and history. I honestly enjoy this bridge of philosophy, art, and technology, yet sometimes feel left out of a greater cultural movement ( e.g. latino art, etc.). Am I over-eager to attach to “the now?” How should I reconcile  my lost soul?</p>
<p>_MDL</p>
<p>Dear MDL,</p>
<p>Firts it is important to recognize, as you seem to do already, that we don’t choose our background— or lack of it.  This is a condition that we can’t change, and thus it is of little use to worry about how it could be different. However, there are two other things for you to think about. One of them is that the absence of a past or a culture, while perplexing, can also be incredibly liberating. Octavio Paz once wrote that Americans are successful because they are born toward the future, whereas Latin America is forced to develop looking toward the past. You should take advantage of the condition that affords you to carry a heavy weight of history. Secondly, there is nothing wrong on wanting to engage with the present, but to cling to any set of labeled movement, be it self-proclaimed or imaginary (eg. latino art) doesn’t turn you automatically into a motivated or original thinker. Your solution is not to find a culture, but to find motivation and ideas. You should travel, have experiences, engage with your times, meet people that you may feel are kindred spirits, and through those experiences you will eventually create a culture of your own, which in turn will lead to your artistic vision.</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>The Estheticist.</p>
<p>-</p>
<p>Dear Estheticist,</p>
<p>A few weeks ago, after contacting the curators of an exhibition, I received an official email letter from the institution’s curatorial team stating that my work had been reviewed and that “after careful consideration,” it was not going to be included in the show, but that they would keep my files for “future possibilities.” Last week, I received a beaten down and dirty envelope. To my dismay, it was the same package I had sent to the curators. Unopened, and still bearing the red marks of “return to sender” it was accompanied by a US Postal note stating that it had been lost in transit and couldn’t be delivered. Besides the inefficiency of the postal service, and the time that took them to notify me, I am distraught by the curator&#8217;s claim that my work had actually been reviewed and archived for later consideration. What to do? Should I print and frame the letter along with the returned envelop and include it in a future exhibition called “Rejects From the Heart?” Should I create a public performance denouncing this rather (un)common practice and call it “My Missing Files?” Pictures included, should I Tweeter it, Facebook it, MySpace it (does this one still exist?) Should I call the Ethical Commission on Curatorial Practices and Exhibitions? or should I discretely and valiantly TAKE IT LIKE A MAN and swallow my semi-broken artistic aspirations, pride and prejudice?</p>
<p>Please advice… I plea to your moral, aesthetic, and ethical wisdom.</p>
<p>Hector Canonge</p>
<p>Dear Hector,</p>
<p>Your frustration with this mishandling of your materials is perfectly understandable, and it is not acceptable for any organization to mail artists a form letter about their work without having even bothered to check on whether a submission was indeed received.  However, the circumstances around these kind of situations are important to consider:  you did not specify, for example, the kind of organization you interacted with (which makes a difference, as I shall explain ) and on whether your submission was an unsolicited one or if it was sent in response to a call for entries. If, for instance, you submitted an unsolicited proposal to an alternative art space or gallery,  I would be a bit less indignant toward them. It is no secret that non-profit art spaces and galleries are inundated by unsolicited requests, and they have a hard time to keep track of all submissions, which prompts them to regularly send form letters. This, while not a nice practice, is about the only thing they can possibly do to keep up with the avalanche of requests they get, and this practice is bound to result in ocassional glitches like the one you unfortunately just suffered. However, if in contrast you submitted in response to a call for entries ( either for an art competition, foundation, or art space) and you received this response, the act reveals a serious incompetence and error in their selection infrastructure and would put into question the objectivity or value of their entire selection process. Artists who submit to competitions, calls for entries, etc. are entitled to having their materials be opened and reviewed, and at the very least be seen by the actual decisionmaker of the opportunity (that is, not a random intern). As such, it is appropriate to write a letter of complaint to the director of the organization, and if it is ignored,  go public about it — not out of vengeance, but in the interest of pressuring them to correct the problem in the future.</p>
<p>In any case you need to see this oversight not as a curatorial verdict on your work but as plain and simple mismanagement. It may only be a consolation prize, but you may agree that it is still better to be rejected by accident than intentionally.</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>The Estheticist.</p>
<p>-</p>
<p>Dear Estheticist,</p>
<p>What is art?</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>Swiss Girl</p>
<p>Dear Swiss Girl,</p>
<p>Congratulations for being the first one in the history of this column to ask the more basic question about art.  George Quasha, a New York artist, is in my view the authority on the subject. Quasha has spent many years collecting video interviews with more than 800 artists, curators, writers, etc. responding to this question.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.quasha.com/art-is/art-is">http://www.quasha.com/art-is/art-is</a></p>
<p>When one reviews the many responses, it is clear that there are as many answers as individuals. This suggests that the main issue about this question is that it can never be given a final answer, as whichever provisional answer is given can immediately be contradicted by a new way of interpreting what art is. Art is a discipline designed to transform itself permanently, along with its values and structure, thus no satisfactory answer can be given.</p>
<p>Sincerely</p>
<p>The Estheticist</p>
<p>-</p>
<p>Dear Estheticist,</p>
<p>Here is my dilemma: I get this email from a Gallery called XXX Fine Art in Chelsea to come in to visit because they like my work.  A while back they had seen my work in an art show and left me a card.  I must admit I did not like the work in their gallery but I thought I would feel it out maybe there would be a change in curation.  I go in and they tell me I should apply to this competition they are having for a show there as well as in Korea and it costs $60.00 (the woman points to the bank in Korea on the application that I should send it too). It was all nice but after I left I decided not to apply. I thought it was a little shady because the work hanging on the walls in no way resembled my work. So then I get this email that thanks me for my submission (they assumed I applied) but I did not get in. I was like huh? then I see on their web page the deadline was in January. Did they really need my money that bad? I want to email them back and tell them that I never bothered applying.  Is this a flat out scam that I should report to the Better Business Bureau?</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>Artist who feels that XXX Fine Arts must think Artists Are Idiots</p>
<p>Dear Artist who feels that Able Fine Arts must think Artists Are Idiots,</p>
<p>You did well in trusting your instinct. The fact that the work you saw on view was substandard and not connected with what you do should already be, automatically, a reason to walk away.  If what you see looks bad, it is bad — there is no use in hoping it may get better in the future. Furthermore, art galleries have no business in creating competitions, let alone asking artists to pay them to review their work. While it is not an illegal practice, it is professionally slimy and revealing of a business with zero credibility. Galleries like this prey on uninformed artists to capitalize on their eagerness to be exhibited in New York, and unfortunately there are always those who fall for their scam, thinking that they will get positive exposure and status.  They don&#8217;t realize that, with galleries like these, they would be better off selling their works on the street— either here or in Korea.</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>The Estheticist.</p>
<p>-</p>
<p>Dear Estheticist:</p>
<p>I am curating a large international show. An artist whose work I have followed and admired for long invited me to give a talk at a seminar that he is organizing. I accepted. Meanwhile, during the curatorial meetings with my co-curators his name was mentioned, and we all agreed that his work was perfect for our show. I disclosed immediately this possible conflict of interests. I personally feel that there is none, but, as they say, &#8220;Caesar&#8217;s wife should not only be honest, but <em>look</em> honest&#8221; I would like to go forward with the invitation, but am afraid that it will be read as a <em>quid-pro-quo</em> situation. Any advice?</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>Concerned Curator.</p>
<p>Dear Concerned Curator,</p>
<p>For starters, as I assume that you are recognized curator since you are curating a large-scale exhibition, an invitation by an artist to an event is not quite comparable to the opportunity you would offer to him: an invitation to this seminar, I presume, is not a distinction that would substantially enhance your position in the art world.  But setting that aside, what the popular refrain that you mention should add is that even if Ceasar&#8217;s wife is and looks honest she may still not look so to those who want her to be dishonest. What this means is that there is no way that you can possibly prevent a public misreading of your actions.  As such, you are left with proceeding with what you consider the most appropriate way according to your curatorial expertise as what matters the most is to make the best exhibition possible. Being overly concerned to what the rest of the world may think or say about your actions may lead you to make the wrong curatorial choices. If you (and your colleagues) think the artist you admire is the appropriate artist for this exhibition, not only may you end up replacing him for a less ideal artist but you will also take away this opportunity from him only for a hypothetical fear of a public backlash.  Remember that other saying, that &#8220;hell is paved with good intentions&#8221;: many shows are constructed out of political correctness, desire of inclusivity, and other moral rules that, while perhaps democratic or fair, can result in terrible exhibitions.</p>
<p>Curators (and artists) who mainly operate through cronyism quickly reveal themselves as such, as this practice displays a pretty visible pattern that shows them acting out of opportunism and connections rather than an integral and objective vision. If you have not had such behavior in the past, your track record should speak against those suspicions.</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>The Estheticist.</p>
<p>-</p>
<p>Dear Estheticist</p>
<p>What is the best question someone should ask about art?</p>
<p>Julien Isore</p>
<p>Dear Julien,</p>
<p>Opinions may differ around the attributes that such a question would have, but I will put forward that the best question one can ask about art has to address on whether there is an underlying order in the variability of the process by which art becomes relevant.</p>
<p>I explain: I am assuming that the best question about art should arguably be the one which helps us dig the deepest regarding the very nature of art. However, this is easier said than done, because the more familiar questions about art offer little enlightement toward the issue and actually are closer to non-questions. To better understand this, let’s look at some of those clichè contenders for the best question about art: “what is art?”, or perhaps “how is something art?” If you think about it, you will realize that the last two questions have been more or less rendered obsolete by the avant-garde: it is fairly established that anything can be art and that there are set mechanisms that make it (or can make it) so.  For this reason, questions about how something is or becomes art are not that problematic or controversial— they are closed questions.  A similar nonstarter is “is this good or bad art?”, as you enter into the quicksand of subjective evaluation, from which you are not likely to emerge with any useful knowledge. In other words, closed questions of this type only refer to definitive, but un-inspiring answers.</p>
<p>So what is more important is to figure out not why I like an artwork and you don’t, but how is it that an art work gains relevance in a particular moment and time amidst a group of people. More promising is the question “how does art become relevant?” along with the more specific “how is<em> this</em> art work relevant to us today?” which presupposes that there are criteria that would help us determine relevance, so that question can only be answered by previously answering the mother question: “are sets of criteria to determine the relevance of art or a specific art work variable, and if so, how?”  The answer to the first half of this question, if art history is any indication, is yes:  evaluative criteria in art vary according to cultural and social periods,  and while some constants often remain (say, we generally agree on the general importance of, say, Velazquez) it is not clear to us, up to this point at least, on whether there is a clear logic to the mutation of taste and of evaluative criteria in art. It likely is caused by a wide set of factors that move us from period to period, deciding, for instance, that Picasso from the standpoint of 2011 may not be as important to us as is, perhaps, Duchamp. But we have no way of predicting how that perception may change again (for all we know, maybe in one hundred years we will decide that, say, Lèger, was the greatest artist of the XXth century). The key lies in answering the question: is there a constant within the variability of art that help us understand its relevance for a particular time and place?  That may be the best question one may ask about art, as answering it may let you know not only what is it that makes us gravitate toward certain kinds of art today, but also what art may look like tomorrow.</p>
<p>Sincerely</p>
<p>The Estheticist</p>
<p>Dear Estheticist,</p>
<p>Is it ethical to push a painter to the train tracks if it will kill him but stop the train and save the life of two video artists?</p>
<p>Y.o.</p>
<p>Dear Y.o.,</p>
<p>No: it is unethical to waste the commuter’s time and prevent them from arriving on time to their real jobs.</p>
<p>Sincerely,</p>
<p>The Estheticist.</p>
<p>&#8211;</p>
<h2><strong>The Neologist</strong></h2>
<p><strong>Direct Labor</strong></p>
<p>Term used to refer to the amount of actual physical or mental work involved in the creation of an art work, often with the purpose to argue for a higher or lower price.</p>
<p><strong>Collection Mining</strong></p>
<p>Practice by dealers and curators of discreetly gauging the collection of a rich donor during a reception at their home, with the hopes to identify their interests and influence possible future sales, purchases, or donations.</p>
<p><strong>Regression</strong></p>
<p>Term applied to artists who, after trying a new style in their work that results unsuccessful, revert to a previous style that was better received critically.</p>
<p><strong>Chaperonage</strong></p>
<p>Factor taken into consideration when assessing the social ranking of a yet unknown quantity in the art world by seeing who this person is being accompanied at a social event. <em>Considering his chaperonage, he must be a really hot artist.</em></p>
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		<title>The Enneatype Conference (Script) (2009)</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/05/the-enneatype-conference-script-2009/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/05/the-enneatype-conference-script-2009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 May 2009 00:28:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pablohelguera.net/?p=985</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
THE ENNEATYPE CONFERENCE

The Enneatype Conference was a performance presented on May 9, 2009, at Lisa Ruyter&#8217;s studio in  Vienna, Austria, per invitation of Parabol Magazine and  curators Jasper Sharp and Elsy Lahner. The days of May 8th and May 9th I spent the time in Café Sperl, conducting &#8220;art personality assessment tests&#8221; using a system [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--StartFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span><strong>THE ENNEATYPE CONFERENCE</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The Enneatype Conference was a performance presented on May 9, 2009, at Lisa Ruyter&#8217;s studio in  Vienna, Austria, per invitation of Parabol Magazine and  curators Jasper Sharp and Elsy Lahner. The days of May 8th and May 9th I spent the time in Café Sperl, conducting &#8220;art personality assessment tests&#8221; using a system of my own making although inspired in the Enneagram Personality theory.  Participants would respond to a questionnaire about their personal relationship to art, after which I would provide a diagnosis of their artistic personality type using enneagram categories.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While the enneagram test in fact turned out very accurate assessments of each individual&#8217;s attitude towards art, I wanted to stress the  fallibility of any system that claims to provide &#8220;answers&#8221; about an individual&#8217;s personal situation. Thus the system, which at first was presented to all participants as an authentic scientific method developed in Vienna, was later unveiled as a complete fabrication.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<div id="attachment_986" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-986" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/readingscafesperl.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-986" title="readingscafesperl" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/readingscafesperl-300x400.jpg" alt="PH conducting art personality tests at Cafe Sperl, Vienna, May 8, 2009" width="300" height="400" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">PH conducting art personality tests at Cafe Sperl, Vienna, May 8, 2009</p></div>
<div id="attachment_1006" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 310px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1006" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/test-sample.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1006" title="test-sample" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/test-sample-300x400.jpg" alt="Sample of one of the art enneatype tests" width="300" height="400" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Sample of one of the art enneatype tests</p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The culminating event of the project was the performance, in the form of an academic lecture, that explained the various componens of the Art Personality Enneagram. What follows is the abbreviated text from that presentation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><a rel="attachment wp-att-1007" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/thcas-logo.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1007" title="thcas-logo" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/thcas-logo-400x152.jpg" alt="thcas-logo" width="400" height="152" /></a><a rel="attachment wp-att-1008" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/enneagram.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1008" title="enneagram" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/enneagram-400x300.jpg" alt="enneagram" width="400" height="300" /></a> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong><span> Characters:</span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Rupert Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Pablo Helguera</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <a rel="attachment wp-att-987" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/enneagramconf2.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-987" title="enneagramconf2" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/enneagramconf2-400x300.jpg" alt="enneagramconf2" width="400" height="300" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Ladies and Gentlemen,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Welcome to the closing event of The Enneatype Conference, a unique occasion to celebrate the launch of The Enneagram of Vienna and celebrate the new issue of Parabol Magazine. My name is Rupert Steiner and I am the director of the Psychological Association of Art Therapists here in Vienna. Our mission is to study the ways in which art can reveal the potentiality of the individual. And, as such, it is an immense honor to me to present to you the work of Pablo Helguera, a Mexican artist and educator whose work has centered for many years on the very subject of the artistic personality. Helguera is the director of the Helguera Center for Artworld Studies, which has as its mission to understand the sociology of art and to propose the emergence of a new field of study, which he has described as artworld studies, using elements from social anthropology, biometrics, personology, economics, culinary theory, and of course psychology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>First we should explain what is an enneagram. The Enneagram is a nine-pointed figure inscribed in a circle. The meaning of the symbol itself, together with the personality types organized around the nine points, shows a system of knowledge about nine distinct but interrelated personality types, or nine ways of seeing and experiencing the world. The Enneagram of Personality is generally presented as a psychospiritual system for mapping and understanding nine possible personality types.<span> Each personality type associated with the Enneagram represents a map of traits that highlights patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> The notion of the artistic personality enneagram emerges from the work of Dr. Ingrid Lipsky. Dr. Lipsky was a student of Theodor Meynert at the psychiatric clinic of the university of Vienna, alongside with Sigmund Freud and other eminent psychiatrists and neuropathologists. She was also involved in hypnotism and spirituality, which led her to research the enneagram.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><br />
</span></p>
<p><a rel="attachment wp-att-988" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/ingrid-lipsky.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-988" title="ingrid-lipsky" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/ingrid-lipsky-282x400.jpg" alt="ingrid-lipsky" width="282" height="400" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Dr Lipsky died at age 52 in 1910, in a safari accident in Africa, just before she got to publish her research.<span> </span>It was shortly after that one of her students, Eberhard Klopstock, who inherited her research papers, took her theories and attempted to develop them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><a rel="attachment wp-att-991" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/klopstock.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-991" title="klopstock" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/klopstock-331x400.jpg" alt="klopstock" width="331" height="400" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>He tragically burned her original works in order to claim them as his own, then publishing a book in 1935 inspired on her ideas, titled “The Enneagram and the Artist’s Mind”.<span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a rel="attachment wp-att-992" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/klopstock-cover.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-992" title="klopstock-cover" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/klopstock-cover-248x400.jpg" alt="klopstock-cover" width="248" height="400" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Unfortunately, the book did not do well, and it was never reprinted. There are no known surviving copies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>It was thanks to Pablo Helguera, who while doing research in the museum of Modern Art in New York, found a letter from Klopstock to the then director, Alfred Barr, mentioning his research on this subject. Helguera has researched this information to update the original ideas of Ingrid Lipsky and thus bring the Enneagram of Vienna back to life.<span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><a rel="attachment wp-att-993" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/klopstock-letter.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-993" title="klopstock-letter" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/klopstock-letter-288x400.jpg" alt="klopstock-letter" width="288" height="400" /></a><br />
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>He is here to tell us about the various categories of the Enneagram and share with us a system that studies and analyses the artistic personality of the contemporary art world. Please help me in welcoming Pablo Helguera.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>[PH arrives onstage]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Pablo, we are enormously grateful to have you amongst us tonight. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>PH</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Thank you, so am I. I am delighted that we can share the knowledge of the enneagram tonight.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Can you please tell us how you developed the enneagram?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>PH</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Well, I had to work from very initial information that was left from the notes of notable enneagramists, including Dr. Lipsky, as well as other psychologists and psychiatrists that have focused on the typology of the artist, not excluding Carl Jung and Hermann Rorscharch, who was very much interested in art as revealing issues of consciousness.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>So what is the difference between the personality enneagram and the artistic enneagram?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>PH</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The personality enneagram is something that was developed by many new age psychologists to<span> </span>explain the kinds of personalities in the world. The artistic enneagram focuses on figuring out specifically the kind of artistic sensibility that one has, and it is a very helpful way to understand one’s own relationship with art, your potential, and also to address your shortcomings as an arts professional. I believe that once you go through the process of learning your enneatype you will be able to become a much more successful individual in the art world.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>And I understand that you will now do a demonstration?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>PH</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Indeed. I now illustrate the way in which the enneagram works.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><a rel="attachment wp-att-994" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/enneagramconf1.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-994" title="enneagramconf1" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/enneagramconf1-400x300.jpg" alt="enneagramconf1" width="400" height="300" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>First I will conduct an act of group hypnotism which is desired to attain collective attention to a given subject, particularly when one is giving a boring lecture.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>You all will look at my hand, moving like a pendulum. You all will fall in a state of deep sleep and peace, of full attention of everything I will say from now on.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Good, we are ready to go now.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>I first would like you to consider a question, and choose the  answer that most accurately reflect your way of feeling about art. After you have made your choices, you should remember the letter and we shall find out what each of your art personality types are.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <!--StartFragment--> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When you see an artwork at a contemporary art gallery, list the impulse that is most likely to come to you first:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">a)<span> </span>Thinking about how this artwork makes you feel</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">b)<span> </span>Asking to yourself what is right or wrong with this artwork</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">c)<span> </span>Trying to evaluate the artwork as good or bad</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">d)<span> </span>Wanting to know who the artist is</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">e)<span> </span>Wanting to know how this artwork was made</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">f)<span> </span>Wanting to know the back story of that art work</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">g)<span> </span>Wanting to know what the idea behind the work is</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">h)<span> </span>Remembering other pieces similar to that one</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">i)<span> </span>Non thinking, simply experiencing the work.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">When you see a contemporary artist or arts professional of your same age and background receive a certain recognition that you could technically be in the same position to receive, your most likely reaction is:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal">a)<span> </span>Happiness for this person</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">b)<span> </span>Envy, wondering why you did not receive such recognition yourself</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">c)<span> </span>Thinking on what kind of friendships and professional contacts you need to make in the future to receive that same recognition yourself</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">d)<span> </span>Indifference</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">e)<span> </span>Thinking of what kind of work you need to make to receive such recognition in the future</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">f)<span> </span>Wanting to know the reasons for such recognition</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">g)<span> </span>Figuring out an innovative way to attain similar attention</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">h)<span> </span>Depression</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">i)<span> </span>Simple admiration for this person</p>
<p><!--EndFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Following you will hear about the different kinds of art personality types. If you chose, for instance, &#8220;h&#8221;,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1009" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/nostalgist.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1009" title="nostalgist" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/nostalgist-400x300.jpg" alt="nostalgist" width="400" height="300" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">you are</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 1: THE NOSTALGIST</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Nostalgists are in touch with their feelings, are sensitive, and highly perceptive of their environment.<span> </span>The nostalgist is inquisitive and likes to attain a lot of knowledge about an artwork. They can become very erudite and knowledgeable about a subject.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>On average, they tend to emphasize too much the notion of<span> </span>biography, the context in which something was made, they draw lots of historical connections. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>When they are unhealthy they can be depressive, self-destructive, obsessed with being up to date with the latest news of the art world, overromanticize everything, they can become delusive.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Examples: Many famous art historians are nostalgists.<span> </span>Janet Cardiff (on the photo),<span> </span>Matthew Buckingham, Mark Dion, Janet Cardiff, Sophie Calle, Christian Boltanski, Yinka Shonibare</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> if you chose &#8220;g&#8221; you are,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 2:<span> </span>THE CONCEPTUALIST</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>As its name indicates, conceptualists are abstract thinkers,<span> </span>capable of powerful synthesis, focused, and able to quickly grasp and advance the art discourse.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>On average, they overemphasize theory, cause and effect, and argumentation in a work. They cannot fully enjoy a work unless they have clarified in their mind the main issues that the work addresses.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Bad conceptualists become out of touch with their feelings and have a difficulty sharing their emotions, are introverted, are desensitized toward art which arises emotions,<span> </span>can become aggressive and pretentious.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Examples: Joseph Kosuth, Allan Kaprow, Jacques Rancière, Daniel Birnbaum, Rosalind Krauss, Luis Camnitzer, Roberta Smith,<span> </span>Richard Serra, John Baldessari, Lawrence Weiner, Martin Creed</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 3:<span> </span>THE TALKER</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><a rel="attachment wp-att-997" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/tha-talker.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-997" title="tha-talker" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/tha-talker-400x300.jpg" alt="tha-talker" width="400" height="300" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>At their best,<strong> </strong></span><span>Talkers are able to translate the visual into words, becoming eloquent and able to put things in perspective. Gregarious and friendly, talkers have an ability to bring people together and become important spokespersons for large interest groups and gain access to important positions in the art world. Many performers and architects are talkers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>On average, Talkers can come off as superficial, saying a lot but without great substance, emphasizing hyperbole and syntax instead of content, can draw exaggerated relationships, and feel that they always have to say something even if it is unnecessary.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>When they are unhealthy, they have a burning desire to protagonize everywhere, taking other ideas as one’s own, gossip too much, exaggerate reality to the point of becoming a storyteller, becoming a bit of a clown.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Examples: Hans Ulrich Obrist, Jerry Saltz, Marina Abramovic, William Kentridge,<span> </span>Robert Hughes, Maurizio Cattelan, Kirk Varnedoe</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> (e) is</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 4:<span> </span>THE FORMALIST</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Formalists are highly visual people, design-oriented, perfection-driven, with a great appreciation for craftsmanship and neatness. Organized, they are punctual, keep their word, and generally maintain a good balance of art and life. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>On average, Formalists can be anal retentive, extremely demanding to others and to themselves, to the point of paralysis, it can take them time to make decisions and have anxiety in unresolved situations; they have no tolerance for ambiguity.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>When they are unhealthy, they can be manipulative,<span> </span>easily irritated, dismissive of anything which may not be clear-cut, conservative, and materialistic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Examples: Rachel Whiteread,<span> </span>Sol Lewitt,<span> </span>Donald Judd, Hannah Darboven, Michael Snow,<span> </span>Walead Beshty, John Cage, Gabriel Orozco</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 5: THE BOHEMIAN</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><a rel="attachment wp-att-998" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/the-bohemian.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-998" title="the-bohemian" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/the-bohemian-400x300.jpg" alt="the-bohemian" width="400" height="300" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Bohemians are those capable to enjoy the art experience to its fullest degree; they are relaxed, open individuals who are highly receptive to other’s art and ideas and are contagious in their pleasure and enthusiasm, sharing their innovative thinking. They are friendly and accessible and can be very inspiring.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>On average, They are abstract thinkers who can sometimes get too ambiguous and contradictory in their actions; they may lack personal drive to do things; can take them a long time to do a project, can be<span> </span>noncommittal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>However, if they are unhealthy, they<strong> </strong></span><span>Can be lazy, or falsely modest, boring, inattentive to detail and poor executors of projects. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Examples: Rirkit Tiravanija, Basquiat, Pippilotti Rist, Vito Acconci, Helio Oiticica, and others.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 6: THE SHAKER</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <a rel="attachment wp-att-999" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/shaker.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-999" title="shaker" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/shaker-400x300.jpg" alt="shaker" width="400" height="300" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Now,<strong> </strong></span><span>Shakers are very perceptive of social contexts and can influence social structures to their advantage. They are brilliant, highly diplomatic, alert, shrewd, and reliable. They excel in organizing and administration, as well as in making interesting connections and bringing people together.<span> </span>They can orchestrate large projects and usually are good with money. Many museum directors are shakers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>On average, Shakers can be social climbers and careerists; they can put the carriage before their horse and do things entirely out of self-interest. They can be a powerful ally and supporter but can also be a dangerous enemy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>At their worst, they can be Egotistical, with a problem with authority, extremely proud and manipulative, delusional and self-aggrandizing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Examples:</strong></span><span> Thomas Krens,<span> </span>Olafur Eliasson, Christo, Jeffrey Deitch, Larry Gagosian, Okwui Enwenzor, Francesco Bonami, Mary Boone</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 7: THE CONTRARIAN</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <a rel="attachment wp-att-1000" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/contrarian.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1000" title="contrarian" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/contrarian-400x300.jpg" alt="contrarian" width="400" height="300" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Contrarians are the ones who usually open a debate. They have an innate ability to detect and question the status quo, and activating spaces of discussion and experience for others. They have sharp minds with complex perspectives and inspiring thoughts.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Generally, contrarians can be dogmatic, self-centered, and have a difficulty to relate to others who don’t share their views. Narcissistic, they are well-grounded, independent, and strong, although they resent not being given their due credit and always act as if they have a chip on their shoulder. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>When unhealthy, beware: they can be extremely aggressive, dismissive of others, overly negative, insensitive to others, power-hungry, and snob.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Examples:</strong></span><span> Hans Haacke, Andrea Fraser, Martin Kippenberger, Terence Koh, Jens Hoffmann, The Guerrilla Girls,<span> </span>Barbara Kruger, Richard Prince, Donald Kuspit.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 8:<span> </span>THE SPIRITUALIST</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <a rel="attachment wp-att-1001" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/spiritualist.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1001" title="spiritualist" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/spiritualist-400x300.jpg" alt="spiritualist" width="400" height="300" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Spiritualists are self-fulfilled people who can extract the best of every art experience and bring it to a higher realm.<span> </span>They are people in peace with themselves, who think with clarity and lucidity,<span> </span>and for whom art is a vehicle to attain illumination.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Spiritualists usually see beyond what the normal viewer seees, thus can be treated as delusional (and may actually be); can be sentimental and new-agey. They can act as shamans or evangelists.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>If they are unhealthy, however, they can be naïve, delusional in believing that they are the new Buddha, condescending, passive-aggressive, resentful and insecure.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Examples:</strong></span><span> Bill Viola, Agnes Martin, Barnett Newman, Dan Flavin,<span> </span>Joseph Beuys, Eva Hesse, James Turrell</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>TYPE 9: THE ADMIRER</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> <a rel="attachment wp-att-1002" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/the-admirer.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1002" title="the-admirer" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/the-admirer-400x300.jpg" alt="the-admirer" width="400" height="300" /></a><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Admirers are centered individuals who can look at art in a balanced way and appreciate its strengths and weaknesses without falling prey to their emotions. At their best they are intelligent, self-effacing, extremely reliable as supporters, collaborators or allies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Admirers can be calculating,<span> </span>materialistic, acquisitive, constantly amusing themselves with new things and experiences. They have a need to be loved.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>When unhealthy, they are<strong> </strong></span><span>Impulsive and infantile in what they want.<span> </span>Can become offensive and abusive. They act on impulses rather than dealing with their own anxieties or depressions, so they can end up spent and despondent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Examples:</strong></span><span> Charles Saatchi,<span> </span>Peter Norton, the Rubells</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>To finalize, I will show a few graphs that exemplify demographic research of the artworld using enneagramatic types.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1004" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/unhealthy-community.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1004" title="unhealthy-community" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/unhealthy-community-400x300.jpg" alt="unhealthy-community" width="400" height="300" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Here is a sample of an unhealthy enneagramic art community, with an excess of Bohemians and talkers, and yet few admirers (which translates on scant collecting) and too few conceptualists. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1005" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/switch-galleries.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1005" title="switch-galleries" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/switch-galleries-400x300.jpg" alt="switch-galleries" width="400" height="300" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In this other sample, one can appreciate the behavioral trends amongst art types who are inclined to switch galleries after being selected into the Venice Biennial. Shakers and Formalists are more likely to switch galleries given their acute sense of opportunity and order, respectively; contrarians will switch only because they like to switch, nostalgists are too attached to the past, and bohemians are not able to switch because they don&#8217;t have galleries in the first place.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>so as you can see, there is a lot to be learned from this system, which can be mastered with enough study and analysis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Any questions?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Pablo, I  do have a few comments.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>PH</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Go ahead.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>I have been listening to your presentation, and I am realizing that none of these statements have any scientific basis. Looks like you made them up.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>PH</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>I think you are confused.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>I am starting to suspect that you fooled me and that actually Dr. Lipsky never existed. If you look closely at that photo of Dr. Lipsky that you gave me to show for the presentation, that looks like an old photo that<span> </span>you found in a thrift shop. And the guy that you showed in that picture is not Eberhard Klopstock. He looked too familiar to me. He actually is the singer Richard Tauber.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>PH</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>You are wrong, Rupert.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Steiner</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>I think that your whole theory is bullshit.<span> </span>It is like all that new age philosophy that gives you a false sense of worth, that gives you false hopes, making you believe that there are powerful spiritual forces that will make you succeed. But the truth is that when we try to hard to search for that success we loose the sense of who we are and what we believe in.<span> </span>You have played with our feelings. Shame on you.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>PH</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>I am sorry you feel this way.<span> </span>OK, something has gone wrong here. Maybe it is time to end this demonstration.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>You may remember that you all are under hypnotic trance. So when I snap my fingers, you will not remember any of this conversation. The Enneagram of Vienna will completely vanish from your memory, the same way it came, it will vanish from everyone’s memory the same way it was gone before— it will never have existed. We will not think of who we are but only go about our lives, and our art, withholding judgment. We will simply try to survive, and be at times tortured and at times happy, not entirely sure why, and let our identities, and our relationship with art, remain a mystery, where it belongs. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><em>[making another hypnotic gesture]</em></span><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Nine, Eight, seven, six, four, three… two… one…<span> </span>welcome back.<span> </span>And thank you.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>[they exit]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
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		<title>Hacia una estética de la burocracia (2009)</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/04/hacia-una-estetica-de-la-burocracia-2009/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/04/hacia-una-estetica-de-la-burocracia-2009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Apr 2009 22:39:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[
 
“Paralelamente al arte por el arte nacido del modernismo, la burocracia por la burocracia es la gran contribución humana a la hiper-modernidad. Sin embargo a diferencia del arte, que hoy se encuentra agotado, la burocracia continúa proli-ferando felizmente y expandiéndose en su paso inexorable. La burocracia es expresionista y abstracta a la vez de ser [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="attachment wp-att-981" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/burocraciacover.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-981" title="burocraciacover" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/burocraciacover-300x400.jpg" alt="burocraciacover" width="300" height="400" /></a></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>“Paralelamente al arte por el arte nacido del modernismo, la burocracia por la burocracia es la gran contribución humana a la hiper-modernidad. Sin embargo a diferencia del arte, que hoy se encuentra agotado, la burocracia continúa proli-ferando felizmente y expandiéndose en su paso inexorable. La burocracia es expresionista y abstracta a la vez de ser explícitamente social y política, características que difícilmente el arte más sofisticado de hoy es capaz de reunir.”</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Hacia una estética de la burocracia es un libro de edición limitada creado para la trienal poligráfica de San Juan, Puerto Rico, y escrito precisamente a raíz de la experiencia burocrática de ese evento. El libro es un breve ensayo que examina las varias vertientes creativas de la burocracia latinoamericana, y la manera en que estas superan en muchos aspectos al arte contemporáneo que se realiza en esas mismas regiones. El libro contiene una serie de diagramas que ilustran la forma en que la burocracia funciona como un medio performativo y creativo  y propone estrategias para maximizar la enajenación producida por los burócratas para así emanciparse en la historia del arte.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Toward an aesthetic theory of Bureaucracy is a limited edition book originally conceived for the San Juan poligraphic Triennial, specifically inspired from the bureucratic experiences  resulting from that event. The book is a small manifesto-like essay which examines the various aspects of bureaucratic procedures as a creative process in latin america, and the ways in which they supersede in many ways, creatively and imaginatively, to the contemporary art produced there. The book has a number of diagrams which show the way in which bureaucracy can function as a performative tool and further proposes ways by which bureaucrats can become emancipated to take over art history. (book currently in Spanish only).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(fragmento del libro a continuación):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><!--StartFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span><strong>INTRODUCCION</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Paralelamente al arte por el arte nacido del modernismo, la burocracia por la burocracia es la gran contribución humana a la hipermodernidad. Sin embargo a di-ferencia del arte, que hoy se encuentra ago-tado, la burocracia continúa proliferando felizmente y expandiéndose en su paso inexorable. La burocracia es expresionista y abstracta a la vez de ser explícitamente so-cial y política, características que difícilmente el arte más sofisticado de hoy es capaz de reunir.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Y sin embargo, esta práctica esencial de carácterísticas globales ha sido menos-preciada por los críticos y filósofos, y par-ticularmente por los teóricos postcolo-nialistas. Erróneamente ellos han visto a la burocracia como un defecto corrigible ex-clusivo del tercer mundo, un doblez cultural que no tiene por qué existir y que no vale la pena siquiera analizar, como una enfer-medad de la cual ya conocemos los síntomas y el remedio. Nunca se habla de la burocracia como la gran tradición histórica que es, como la monumental expresión cultural que nos define como pueblos y que nos otorga una sofisticación creativa a nivel colectivo que compite con las construcciones artísticas más complejas de la humanidad. Esta omisión por parte de los teóricos, sin duda premeditada, ha contribuído a que las regiones donde estas expresiones se manifiestan de manera más original y creativa hayan quedado al margen de la historia del arte. Y finalmente sus practicantes —los burócratas— han quedado injustamente olvidados, a pesar de su prolífica labor que en una sola vida puede generar decenas de millones de páginas de archivo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Los filósofos ultra-contemporáneos cuyas obras están en boga hoy en día en los cursos de curaduría —Agamben y Rancière— utilizan respectivamente la noción de potencialidad y emancipación como princi-pios clave para construír un arte que trans-forme a la sociedad. Si bien ambos filósofos nos dan una perspectiva certera y brillante acerca de la <em>raison d’etre</em></span><span> y evolución de estos procesos, aquí trataremos humilde-mente de demostrar que no son los artistas contemporáneos, sino los burócratas, los que son capaces de encabezar esta transfor-mación revolucionaria de nuestra cultura.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Además de tratar de iniciar un discurso para establecer y reivindicar los principios estéticos de la burocracia, este pequeño libro busca también<span>  </span>inspirar al burócrata a revalorar su oficio a través de contemplarlo no ya como una condena a vivir sentado(a) en un escritorio, sino como un ejercicio de creatividad en el que cada día y cada acto burocrático pueda ser ejercido y apreciado como el profundo gesto artístico que en realidad es. Pero antes de conseguir esa meta es preciso borrar algunas pre-concepciones claves acerca de la buro-cracia y también de ayudarle al lector a entrar en contacto con su gen burocrático.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Si bien la burocracia no es desafortu-nadamente la cualidad exclusiva de los países en vias de desarrollo —se podría afirmar que países como Estados Unidos tienen ya sectores enteros que simulan perfectamente al tercer mundo—<span>  </span>es un hecho que los países de la periferia tienen las condiciones idóneas para desarrollar este medio de una forma que los vuelva epicentros de la cultura mundial y que ayude a atraer la atención a ellos de forma que ni siquiera el turismo, la etnografía, las bienales internacionales o el arte folklórico han conseguido hacer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span>EN BUSCA DE NUESTRO BUROCRATA INTERNO</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span><strong> </strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Hay quienes al leer esto se digan a sí mismos: “pero yo no soy burócrata”. Esta es una reacción perfectamente natural. Pero la realidad es que todos tenemos un coe-ficiente burocrático en nuestros adentros, si bien más desarrollado en unos que en otros. Todo latinoamericano, por ejemplo, tiene un pro-fundo conocimento y ex-periencia en carne propia de lo que es la burocracia. Se estima, por ejemplo, que cada latinoamericano en promedio, a lo largo de su vida, dedicará el equivalente de 7,401 horas llenando solicitudes, 1,245 horas llenando las formas equi-vocadas, 789 horas firmando recibos y 793 horas firmando contrarrecibos, 1,444 horas frente a la fotocopiadora, dos años y medio en el teléfono haciendo trámites y siete años haciendo cola o sentado en una sala de espera.<span>  </span>Esta clase de experiencia en sí constituye el equivalente, como mínimo, a tener un doctorado en el tema —pero no solo eso:<span>  </span>está bien documentado que mientras más expuesto esté uno a la burocracia, más propenso es uno a practicarla uno mismo, es decir, a ejercerla sobre los otros. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Desafortunadamente el oficio burocrático está tan desprestigiado dentro de nuestra sociedad que la mayoría de nosotros lo practicamos con desgana o simplemente lo ejercemos inconscientemente sin reconocer nuestro verdadero potencial burocrático. El gran filósofo y padre de la hermenéutica Hans-Georg Gadamer dijo una vez: “todos somos los otros y todos somos nosotros mismos”, lo cual se puede parafrasear así: “todos somos la burocracia y todos somos nuestro propio burócrata.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Con el fin de desarrollar este potencial interno, es fundamental aceptar de nuestra identidad burocrática y demostar las mane-ras en que se puede desarrollar, redirigir y enfocar nuestro talento burocrático de forma creativa y conceptual para lograr una vida espiritualmente rica y trascender la opacidad de una carrera estrictamente oficinesca.<span>  </span>Posteriormente se demostrará que el burocratismo, bien ejercido, funciona como un arma de defensa, con un grado de efectividad similar al Jiujitsu. Sobra decir que un burócrata talentoso que desarrolle sus dotes artísticas logrará generar el máximo nivel de burocracia posible, el cual a su vez generará la necesidad de contratar a más burócratas para sostener el sistema. Y es así,<span>  </span>como se verá, que la burocracia practicada como arte puede ser un acto de activismo social inusitado y transformativo, emancipando al arte del actual yugo de extrema eficencia, raciocinio e individua-lismo que le otorga el mercado.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span></p>
<div id="attachment_982" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 315px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-982" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/eb2.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-982" title="eb2" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/eb2-305x400.jpg" alt="Fig. II.  Ejemplo de un laberinto burocratizado con seis círculos viciosos y ocho sesiones de trámites donde (a) es el individuo burocratizado, (b) es el actor burocratizador, (c) el supervisor del trámite, y (s) la salida. La línea divisoria entre (a) y (b) indica una exitosa división de impersonalidad para complejizar el proceso, y que hay una sano aislamiento de comunicación entre los tres individuos, para garantizar la mayor demora posible en la resolución del trámite." width="305" height="400" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Fig. II.  Ejemplo de un laberinto burocratizado con seis círculos viciosos y ocho sesiones de trámites donde (a) es el individuo burocratizado, (b) es el actor burocratizador, (c) el supervisor del trámite, y (s) la salida. La línea divisoria entre (a) y (b) indica una exitosa división de impersonalidad para complejizar el proceso, y que hay una sano aislamiento de comunicación entre los tres individuos, para garantizar la mayor demora posible en la resolución del trámite.</p></div>
<p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span>BREVISIMA HISTORIA DE LA BUROCRACIA EN LATINOAMERICA</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>¿Cuál es el origen de la burocracia latinoamericana? Sería difícil probar que las sociedades precolombinas eran burocráti-cas. A juzgar a través de las relaciones históricas sobre la sociedad Azteca, por ejemplo, las estructuras legales encabe-zadas por el líder o <em>Tlatoani </em></span><span>muestran toda evidencia de haber sido bastante organi-zadas, y si bien sus sistemas de orden social y político eran algo sangrientos, no se puede decir que no fueran eficientes.<span>   </span>La burocracia latinoamericana se puede re-montar<span>  </span>más directamente a la jerarquía administrativa de la colonia, tanto del virreinato como de la iglesia, por el sencillo factor que las verdaderas decisiones no se podían tomar sino hasta del otro lado del océano y podían transcurrir meses o años antes de que una decisión fuera tomada o un permiso aprobado (tradición que gene-ralmente aún predomina en las mejores burocracias). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Cuando latinoamérica entra a la moderni-dad, si se sigue el razonamiento de Max Weber en torno a la ética de trabajo pro-testante, lo que se preservó en cambio fue la ética católica de la contrarreforma, que en vez que mirar al futuro miraba al pasado y a continuar las tradiciones burocráticas a como diera lugar, en particular aquellas que generaban más burocracia (en la filosofía burocrática, la noción de sim-plificación es considerada como un aten-tado a la tradición). En el siglo veinte, en latinoamérica al igual que en el resto del mundo se confrontan las virtudes y defectos de dos modelos socioeconómicos: socialismo y capitalismo. Mientras que en otras re-giones del mundo se buscó implementar una combinación de ambos modelos que funcione de manera más eficiente —por ejemplo, fusionar socia-lización de servicios en algunos sectores con el libre mercado en otros— en latinoamérica se busca en cambio fusionar los aspectos más imprácticos de ambos sistemas, como optar por el entero aparato socialista gubernamental pero establecido de manera antidemocrática, privatizar el mercado pero a través de monopolios, y promover la mayor desi-gualdad social posible— todos estos ingre-dientes fundamentales para generar la perfecta burocracia. Dicho de otra manera, la historia de latinoamérica nunca se ha definido por la democracia ni siquiera por la plutocracia, sino por la burocracia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><br />
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		<title>Paradise (2005-09)</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/02/paradise-2005-09/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/02/paradise-2005-09/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2009 18:22:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Installation]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[
Paradise (2005-2009)
3-channel video installation, 8:30 min.
Black and White, silent



Paradise was commissioned by the Bronx Museum for the Grand Concourse exhibition. This work resulted from  researching the history of three buildings on the Grand Concourse that contain particularly unique stories. The first of them is the Paradise Theater, a grand palace cinema theater which opened in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a rel="attachment wp-att-955" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/paradise3.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-955" title="paradise3" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/paradise3-400x300.jpg" alt="paradise3" width="400" height="300" /></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Paradise (2005-2009)<br />
</strong>3-channel video installation, 8:30 min.<br />
Black and White, silent</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p><em><a rel="attachment wp-att-790" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/composite-flat.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-790" title="composite-flat" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/composite-flat-400x300.jpg" alt="composite-flat" width="400" height="300" /></a></em></p>
<p><em>Paradise </em>was commissioned by the Bronx Museum for the Grand Concourse exhibition. This work resulted from  researching the history of three buildings on the Grand Concourse that contain particularly unique stories. The first of them is the Paradise Theater, a grand palace cinema theater which opened in 1929, a few weeks before the stock market crash that led to the Great Depression. The Paradise, which went through many periods and narrowly escaped demolition, remains as one of the sole survivors of the great “atmospheric” palace theater era, and retains a powerful symbolism for Bronx residents as a place of escape and leisure during hard times.  The second building addressed  is the Andrew Freedman Home, another palatial building of sorts, located just across the street from the Bronx Museum. The Freedman Home was a luxurious retirement place for people who had once been millionaires but had lost their fortunes, providing its residents with fully covered accommodations at no cost. The idea behind this residence was in the will of Andrew Freedman, a quiet and eccentric New York transportation mogul who believed that those who had once experienced wealth would need greater comfort than others who had always lived in poverty. Over the years, the home functioned as originally intended by its founder, although in later decades the endowment of the institution was reduced and eventually transformed it into a regular community center. Like the Paradise Theater, the Andrew Freedman home languished over the years and greatly deteriorated, going from being an impressive structure to a decayed and seemingly abandoned building.</p>
<p>The last building in the project is the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, a small 19th century house located at Kingsbridge Road and Grand Concourse where Poe spent the last years of his life and wrote some of his best known works such as “Eureka”, “Annabel Lee”, and “The Bells”.  Poe moved to this house in 1846,  a time when the Bronx was a bucolic area, with the intent of finding a restful haven for his young wife, Virginia, who has ill and he hoped would benefit from the country air. Virginia Clemm was Poe’s cousin and had married him still as a child, at age 14. Virginia’s health deteriorated and she died of Tuberculosis in January of 1847.<br />
The texts that appear in the video relating to this house belong to Poe’s own writing around that time (“Landor’s Cottage” (1849) which is believed to be directly inspired in his Fordham cottage) as well as the only poem known to have been written by Virginia Poe— a Valentine poem written in the style of an acrostic (a poem that spells out the phrase “Edgar Allan Poe” if one reads the first letter of every line):</p>
<p><em><strong>E </strong>ver with thee I wish to roam -<br />
<strong>D</strong> earest my life is thine.<br />
<strong>G</strong> ive me a cottage for my home<br />
<strong>A </strong>nd a rich old cypress vine,<br />
<strong>R </strong>emoved from the world with its sin and care<br />
<strong>A</strong> nd the tattling of many tongues.<br />
<strong>L</strong> ove alone shall guide us when we are there -<br />
<strong>L</strong> ove shall heal my weakened lungs;<br />
<strong>A </strong>nd Oh, the tranquil hours we&#8217;ll spend,<br />
<strong>N </strong>ever wishing that others may see!<br />
<strong>P</strong> erfect ease we&#8217;ll enjoy, without thinking to lend<br />
<strong>O </strong>urselves to the world and its glee -<br />
<strong>E</strong> ver peaceful and blissful we&#8217;ll be.</em></p>
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paradise-ii_freedman</p>
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		<title>Un Muro de Berlín Americano (2001)</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/02/un-muro-de-berlin-americano-2001/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/02/un-muro-de-berlin-americano-2001/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2009 04:35:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Anecdotary]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[
 
 


 
Un muro de Berlín americano &#8211; 1
(diario de Manhattan)
(publicado en la revista paréntesis, diciembre 2001, y universes-in-universe, sept. 2001)
 
le silence eternel de ses espaces infinis me effraie
Pascal, Pensées
 
11 de septiembre, 2001
 
Despierto abruptamente. Miro por la ventana de mi departamento en el lado este de Manhattan, donde se observa una enorme nube de humo marrón. Sin [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><!--StartFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong></p>
<div id="attachment_705" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-705" title="mvc-014f" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/mvc-014f-400x300.jpg" alt="Vigilia en Union Square, 14 de septiembre, 2001 (foto P.H.)" width="400" height="300" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Vigilia en Union Square, 14 de septiembre, 2001 (foto P.H.)</p></div>
<p></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Un muro de Berlín americano &#8211; 1</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>(diario de Manhattan)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(publicado en la revista paréntesis, diciembre 2001, y universes-in-universe, sept. 2001)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><em>le silence eternel de ses espaces infinis me effraie</em></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Pascal, </span><span><em>Pensées</em></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>11 de septiembre, 2001</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Despierto abruptamente. Miro por la ventana de mi departamento en el lado este de Manhattan, donde se observa una enorme nube de humo marrón. Sin saber bien qué hacer, salgo a la calle. Pasan corriendo hombres de negocios desaforados que tratan inútilmente de marcar sus celulares mientras gritan buscando taxis. Mientras me dirijo a un monitor de televisión para ver la tragedia que se desenvuelve a unas cuadras de donde estoy, veo las torres del World Trade Center derrumbarse junto con las vidas de miles de personas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Me siento paralizado por sentimientos encontrados: incredulidad, confusión, </span><span><em>shock</em></span><span>. Revive un antiguo miedo de mi adolescencia, de cuando en 1985 un temblor cimbró la ciudad de México e incontables personas murieron bajo los escombros. Cualquiera que haya vivido un desastre natural sabe lo que significa el peligro cuando éste se presenta. Me mudé entonces a un país en el que pensé que nada de esto podría pasar, porque yo había crecido con la imagen de un Estados Unidos impenetrable, invencible. Esta vez mi antiguo miedo regresó con más fuerza que nunca, y con un significado mucho más cruel: no sólo lo volví a vivir, sino que esta vez había sido ocasionado no por la naturaleza sino por seres humanos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Regreso a mi departamento sin mucha claridad y sin saber bien qué hacer. Solo mantengo un ojo vagamente atento a la vida de mi calle. Los oficinistas, que han sido enviados de vuelta a sus casas desde temprano, se cambian a su ropa del domingo. Poco después, hacia la una de la tarde, todos los bares y restaurantes están inusualmente llenos. La gente pasea sus perros como si nada pasara. Yo me quedo dormido en mi sofá. Cuando despierto, son las ocho de la noche. No hay nadie en las calles. Todos los comercios están cerrados. La ciudad que nunca duerme está sumergida en un silencio total, sólo quebrantado por las sirenas de las ambulancias.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>12 de septiembre</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Me despierto a las seis de la mañana. Me he quedado dormido de nuevo en mi sofá y he dejado todas las luces prendidas. El tiempo parece correr angustiosamente rápido. Por mi ventana entra un misterioso olor como de hule quemado que está por toda la ciudad. Salgo a la tienda a comprar algo, pero encuentro poco: la gente de mi barrio ha vaciado los anaqueles. La ciudad está clausurada al exterior, y no han dejado entrar a los camiones con mercancías.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Sintonizo las noticias, que me dejan un mal sabor en la boca. CNN ha creado un titulo para sus reportajes, »Ataque en América«. El título, hecho en diseños dinámicos, viene con una música sensacionalista que combina un tono nacional con uno dramático. Estamos, pienso, en medio del set de la película </span><span><em>Independence Day</em></span><span> de la vida real.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>13 de septiembre</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Trato de seguir mi rutina diaria. Llego a la oficina a las nueve de la mañana. Pero los acontecimientos de los días anteriores me han dejado desarmado. He hablado con gente que vivió la destrucción, cuyas oficinas estaban en las torres. Todos están en un profundo estado de </span><span><em>shock</em></span><span>. Yo no soy sino un artista visual que trabaja en un museo. Qué pretencioso se siente pensar sobre arte en estos momentos. Qué insignificante es lo que hago en comparación con la magnitud de lo que acaba de pasar. Qué importa si el mundo del arte existe o no con sus políticas, sus inauguraciones de museos, su diálogo interno y obsesivo, en comparación con la lucha de vida o muerte entre culturas que se está gestando en el mundo y que hasta ahora estamos forzados a reconocer que existe. Ahora, más que nunca, el mundo del arte neoyorquino me parece un concurso bizantino para demostrar cuántos ángeles caben en la punta de una aguja.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>15 de septiembre</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Mientras paso por la calle Canal, encuentro a una masa de personas que rodean la avenida West Broadway, acordonada por la policía. Al final de la avenida se puede divisar una columna de humo donde estuvo alguna vez el World Trade Center. La gente en la calle (americanos, europeos, japoneses) está armada con cámaras digitales, videocámaras y binoculares. Tratan incansablemente de fotografiar lo mas cerca posible el sitio de la tragedia, preguntando por todas partes cuál es el mejor punto para ver la zona de desastre. Llevan bajo los brazos todo tipo de </span><span><em>souvenirs</em></span><span> con la imagen de las torres gemelas: postales, globos de nieve, ceniceros, carteles y réplicas de plástico. Cualquier imagen de Nueva York en la que aparezcan las torres se ha convertido en una rareza arqueológica.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Los vendedores ambulantes no han perdido un minuto para la ocasión. Como por arte de magia, sus puestos están llenos con mercancía recién hecha: banderas americanas con la fecha del 11 de septiembre, con los lemas tradicionales: »God bless America«, »United we stand«. Luego veo a un vendedor (irónicamente, parece de ascendencia árabe) de camisetas con el titulo de los reportajes de CNN, »Attack on America«, sobreimpuesto a la bandera americana y la imagen de las torres gemelas. La gente se abalanza a comprar las camisetas. Quizá se conviertan en objetos de coleccionista, como la edición del 12 de septiembre del </span><span><em>New York Post</em></span><span>, que ahora está en subasta en E-bay.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>3 de septiembre, 2001</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>(anotación efectivamente escrita antes de las anteriores)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Estoy en un café Internet en el centro de Zagreb, en Croacia, una triste noche de domingo lluvioso. Mañana debo tomar un avión a Londres y de ahí otro a Nueva York. He estado en Europa del este por unos cuantos días y ahora trato de articular los sentimientos encontrados que me incomodan. De alguna manera he estado reprimiendo el impulso de percibir esta ciudad como un enorme cuadro de Edward Hopper. En este café Internet me siento como uno de los personajes de »Nighthawks«, gente que busca una pequeña conversación en una ciudad que parece vacía y fantasmal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Regreso a la casa a través de la plaza Jelacic y del bello parque frente a la estación de trenes, pensando que Zagreb es en realidad un gran escenario para la nostalgia. Grandes edificios de la época del imperio austro-húngaro son testimonio de un pasado vigoroso, y sin embargo nada en la ciudad actual parece tener vitalidad alguna. Croacia ha emergido victoriosa de una de las guerras civiles más sangrientas del siglo veinte, que sigue de hecho desarrollándose en Macedonia. Los costos de esta guerra no sólo han sido económicos, sino sociales y culturales. El país, pequeño que es, lucha dolorosamente por recobrarse y establecer su identidad nacional, rescribir su historia y encontrar su lugar en el mundo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Veo a la gente paralizada por los fantasmas del pasado. Prolifera aquí el chat digital a través de teléfonos celulares, que la gente practica sentada en los cientos de cafés de la ciudad. El mundo cibernético y las telenovelas son aparentemente la única vía de alivio para la mayoría de la gente. Creo ver en esto los principios de una sociedad que depende de la industria del entretenimiento, como es abrumadoramente el caso en Estados Unidos. Me digo a mí mismo que afortunadamente el arte no es víctima del mercado como en América. Pero a la vez la creatividad de la ciudad parece estar en un estado de depresión, de nostalgia paralizante, donde hacer arte no parece tener sentido. No hay crítica, ni instituciones que promuevan un diálogo animado y actual sobre el arte. ¿A quién le puede interesar crear así, en el vacío? Y sin embargo, ¿no es este el momento en que es más necesario crear, precisamente cuando una ciudad necesita más energías? Qué desafío más grande hay aquí. Creo que nunca seré capaz de entenderlo, a menos que algún día experimente mismamente una tragedia como la que la gente aquí ha vivido. Quizá.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Restauraciones Nostálgicas</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>En el vuelo de regreso a Nueva York leí un libro reciente de Svetlana Boym, </span><span><em>El futuro de la nostalgia</em></span><span>. Es un estudio brillante de la relación conflictiva de los rusos con su pasado soviético. Particularmente, hace un análisis del virtual »Palacio de los Soviets« en Moscú: un gran proyecto estalinista que buscaba simbolizar la ambición soviética. El palacio jamás se materializó, aunque la ciudad moderna se diseñó alrededor del sitio en que iba a construirse, y éste siempre estaría presente en la vida de los rusos. Antiguamente, el espacio correspondía a la iglesia de Cristo el Salvador, erigida por el zar Alejandro I y demolida por Stalin para construir su gran palacio, que buscaba ser una respuesta al Empire State Building y a la estatua de la libertad. Con el advenimiento de la segunda guerra mundial y luego la muerte de Stalin, la construcción del palacio se pospuso. En los años cincuenta, el espacio se usó para una alberca climatizada gigante. Finalmente, en los años noventa, se hizo una recreación de la catedral original, erigida por el alcalde en conmemoración del 850 aniversario de Moscú. La reconstrucción de la catedral generó un gran debate sobre si tenía sentido reconstruir lo que una vez había estado ahí. Incluso hoy, con la nueva catedral en el lugar, el sitio sigue teniendo un significado particular para los habitantes de la ciudad, y la ausencia del palacio de los Soviets sigue ejerciendo el poder de la nostalgia de aquello que nunca existió.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Como dice Baudrillard en su libro </span><span><em>Simulaciones</em></span><span>, cuando una realidad cesa de existir es reemplazada por una proliferación obsesiva de mitos de origen, un proceso de idealización de lo que se ha desvanecido: la nostalgia. Las miles de reproducciones de las torres gemelas en los medios, en los </span><span><em>souvenirs</em></span><span> comerciales, en las fotos y videos de los turistas, representan nuestro intento de sublimar el pánico de la ausencia. Para la mayoría de los americanos -particularmente las generaciones jóvenes de clase media y alta- la violencia ha sido siempre una abstracción, relegada a los barrios y ghettos. La muerte aquí ha existido sólo en medios nacionales, con el rostro de asesino psicótico, y ha sido idealizada por Hollywood, nunca vivida de la manera en que aconteció ahora en el World Trade Center. La ausencia de las torres es, en realidad, evidencia del enorme vacío existencial que la sociedad americana tiene que llenar. Sin gran convicción, la gente trata de exigir al gobierno americano que encuentre a los culpables. Pero la estrategia tradicional del Big Brother para encontrar al culpable no será satisfactoria esta vez, porque el autor del crimen es un grupo intangible de terroristas y ajusticiarlos contribuirá muy poco a cerrar la herida.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Los inversionistas originales de las torres gemelas han anunciado que quieren reconstruir los edificios. Como en el caso de la catedral moscovita, la reconstrucción tendrá significado simbólico. Sin embargo, su naturaleza artificial no podrá restaurar la grieta psicológica en los ciudadanos de este país.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Des-virtualizar</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Ante nuestro miedo a la verdadera nada, en los Estados Unidos regresamos a lo que mejor sabemos hacer: comprar. »Attack on America« es el encabezado del espectáculo que vivimos ahora y que se desarrolla &#8211; o más bien, se mueve en círculo vicioso &#8211; frente al televisor. Consumimos ávidamente todo tipo de imágenes e información. So pretexto de conocer los últimos desarrollos de los acontecimientos, nos sentamos futilmente frente al monitor, viendo una y otra vez las mismas imágenes trágicas del avión estrellándose contra la torre, las torres derrumbándose, los bomberos corriendo a salvar gente, el alcalde Giuliani dirigiéndose gravemente a la ciudad. Poco importa que estas imágenes sean prácticamente las mismas y se repitan </span><span><em>ad nauseam</em></span><span>; después de todo, su repetición infinita nos ayuda a superar nuestra nostalgia de lo real, a insensibilizarnos hasta llegar al nivel cómodo de percibirlo como »irrealidad virtual«. Durante la década de los noventa, construimos cuidadosamente un mundo en el que borramos los límites entre lo virtual y lo real, al grado de no ver la diferencia. Ha sido necesario un acontecimiento como éste para recordarnos la distinción entre ambos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Este fin de la inocencia ha golpeado particularmente a un sector de la sociedad americana que creía fervientemente en la invulnerabilidad de sus instituciones: los profesionales jóvenes. Han creído ingenuamente de que todo es bueno en el mundo, que los relatos históricos terminan bien, y que nada trascendental ocurre fuera de la burbuja de clases. La diferencia social, la miseria y la existencia del resto del mundo nunca han importado realmente ni marcado una diferencia en sus vidas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Después de un plácido letargo de indiferencia a la realidad, nuestra interpretación de lo que es la guerra (más parecida a la guerra de las galaxias) y nuestra ingenua percepción del mal deben finalmente reconocer que la comunidad global de veras existe. Como en otras partes del mundo, como la guerra civil en los Balcanes, o el terrorismo en Europa y Latinoamérica, hemos recibido finalmente nuestra porción de realidad.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>El 11 de septiembre, el muro de Berlín americano finalmente se derrumbó, y lo que se encuentra del otro lado es el resto del mundo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Despertares</strong></span><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Como alguien que se mueve en el mundo del arte, en el que en teoría creamos para criticar y enriquecer la cultura y ayudar a entender nuestra realidad, veo ésta como una oportunidad para despertar de una vez por todas. En una época en la que el quehacer artístico está prácticamente regido por nuestro deseo de status y éxito político y económico, un acontecimiento como éste nos urgentemente a darle finalmente le un nuevo sentido de propósito al arte. Tenemos la opción de hacer un tipo de arte que sirva sólo como continuación al escapismo remunerable, o uno que sea realmente significativo y relacionado con la realidad.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Su nuevo propósito, creo, es humanista, pero debe estar arraigado en un reconocimiento personal interno. Recuerdo al personaje de la película </span><span><em>American Beauty</em></span><span>, uno de los más estremecedores de los últimos años en Hollywood, porque encarna las fantasías americanas de rebelión personal. Pero la razón por la que se convierte en una figura tan importante no es que rompa los patrones de comportamiento de la nación suburbana, o que vuelva a adoptar sus instintos más primarios. La parte más importante -y creo yo, la verdadera fantasía americana- es que al final llega un punto de paz consigo mismo ante la muerte. Un paz de índole exclusivamente personal y no arraigada en la pertenencia a una religión o un grupo. El personaje muere solo y muere feliz.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Esta es la paz que realmente hemos perdido. Quienes pertenecemos a una generación que nunca ha creído realmente en nada sustancial, encontramos ese lote baldío más doloroso que nunca. Pero tenemos la oportunidad de entender y confrontar por fin ese miedo. La siguiente guerra en los Estados Unidos no debe librarse contra un enemigo externo, sino contra nuestras propias mentes y contra nuestro peor enemigo, que ejerce en nosotros la tiranía del solipsismo. El cráter vacío donde estaban las torres gemelas, en vez de ser nostálgicamente reconstruido como la catedral rusa, debe dejarse vacío, en conmemoración del momento en que realmente despertamos. Si somos capaces de adoptar este desafío en nuestra manera de pensar, ninguna torre ausente puede resultar amenazadora, ni ningún miedo por la nostalgia, ni la necesidad de algún bien material que nos conforte. Quizá podamos vivir en paz con nosotros mismos y con los otros.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Haciendo Himnos entre Ruinas</strong></span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>(Un muro de Berlín americano &#8211; 2)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>¿qué yerba, que agua de vida ha de darnos la vida,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>dónde desenterrar la palabra,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>la proporción que rige al himno y al discurso,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>al baile, a la ciudad y a la balanza?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Octavio Paz, »Himno entre Ruinas«</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Días después del atentado contra el World Trade Center recibí la llamada de un conocido, típico artista del medio social neoyorquino. Me preguntó la frase de cajón entre artistas neoyorquinos: »¿en qué proyectos andas trabajando ahora?« Respondí que en ninguno, porque los acontecimientos de la semana pasada me habían dejado devastado, y no veía sentido alguno en producir arte en ese momento. Me preguntó entonces si había leído un artículo de Carol Vogel en el New York Times sobre el arte producido durante la guerra. »Ha habido grandes obras producidas en tiempos de guerra. Podrías basarte en esa tradición«.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Sin duda, quienes trabajamos en la producción de arte nos convertimos, de la noche a la mañana, en »artistas trabajando en periodo de guerra«, aunque sea sólo nominalmente. Pero no podía creer el oportunismo inherente al comentario de mi amigo, y que a él mismo le pasó inadvertido. De inmediato imaginé con fastidio anticipado lo que se vendría en los próximos meses en nuestro medio: muchas exposiciones sobre guerra y política, imágenes de torres destruidas, testimonios de víctimas, comentarios profundos sobre la tragedia de la humanidad, escapismo idílico.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Nada de malo hay en que una experiencia tan traumática desemboque naturalmente en todo tipo de respuestas artísticas. Después de todo, el arte es una forma de exorcizar las obsesiones colectivas. Es también normal que todo el arte político que está por aparecer sea en unos casos inteligente, en otros trivial y hasta meramemente oportunista. Por desgracia, y dejando de lado de sus méritos estéticos, apostaría a que la producción de gran parte de estas obras responderá no a una auténtica preocupación social sino a la perspectiva de conseguir reconocimiento por abordar un tema de relevancia. Tal es el ejemplo de mi amigo, para quien no se trataba -como revelaba con toda naturalidad- de cambiar actitudes sino simplemente de cambiar el tema de las obras.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Desde ese momento he dudado si el medio artístico realmente comprenderá el significado de los incidentes del 11 de septiembre, y si los artistas seremos capaces de adoptar un nuevo papel en los cambios que esto ha producido. Porque el arte contemporáneo nunca se sintió más irrelevante que inmediatamente después de este incidente.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Es importante recordar que este acto terrorista no es la mayor tragedia que ha visto el mundo: basta con recordar los genocidios en Ruanda, la limpieza étnica de los kurdos, la guerra civil de la Ex-Yugoslavia o, especialmente, la bomba atómica sobre Hiroshima. Pero aunque muchos artistas han procurado que sus obras sean respuestas a situaciones sociales reales, el mundo internacional del arte ha tendido a distanciarse de estos incidentes y ha mantenido su sistema de vida fuera de estos hechos, como en un suburbio cultural. Pero el 11 de septiembre será otra historia. Cuando un terremoto sacudió a Turquía el año pasado, se decidió seguir adelante con el proyecto de la bienal de Estambul, puesto que se consideró negativo privar al público de un acontecimiento que podría al menos hacerlos olvidar la crisis. Se trataba de un desastre natural, algo que estamos mucho más preparados para aceptar como parte de la vida, y el arte cumple una misión fundamental como paliativo al sufrimiento. Sin embargo, cuando ocurre un acontecimiento como el del 11 de septiembre, la misión del arte es mucho mayor que el de simplemente proveer una ventana para el escapismo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>El acontecimiento tiene una relevancia particular para la producción artística porque ocurrió en Nueva York, el principal centro de exhibición del arte contemporáneo. Aquí se encuentran las mejores y peores exageraciones del arte, ha sido también el lugar de choque entre realidades brutales y la obstinación por no querer reconocerlas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>En una cita que causó una controversia internacional, Karlheinz Stockhausen dijo que el incidente del World Trade Center había sido la mayor obra de arte jamás hecha. Cualquiera que haya sido el contexto del comentario del compositor alemán (y que le ha causado muchos problemas), seguramente se refería a que el impacto de este acto terrorista sobrepasó la magnitud de cualquier otra experiencia, artística o no. De cualquier manera, este terrible atentado hizo evidente como nunca antes el papel marginal del quehacer artístico en nuestra sociedad. Después de casi una década de virtualidad, un golpe de realidad nos obligó a reconocer la caída de nuestra torre virtual de idilios con experiencias imaginarias.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>O al menos eso parecía. Desafortunadamente, y después de tal visión mundial de la realidad más horrible, el gobierno de Estados Unidos respondió histéricamente, volviendo de inmediato a la virtualidad con el fin de lograr el control del público, fácilmente manipulado por los medios. No es ningún secreto que el publico norteamericano en general se encuentra seguro en la irrealidad. Así, fuimos testigos de un desfile inverosímil de comentarios santurrones sobre la determinación y el poder de los Estados Unidos, la garantía de que todo estaba en orden y los culpables serían castigados. La falta casi completa de autocrítica de los medios, la ausencia casi absoluta de introspección nacional, fue escandalosa en casi todos los medios de noticias norteamericanos. En ningún lugar se discutió si el atentado era la respuesta natural a una serie de acciones arbitrarias de los gobiernos de Estados Unidos, específicamente dirigidas al medio este.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>El medio del arte, por su cuenta, siguió las líneas de este comportamiento general y acrítico de manera confusa, lenta y desorientada. La reacción de los museos, las galerías y los artistas de Nueva York fue, en el mejor de los casos, homogénea y predecible. Aunque muchos lugares cerraron o hicieron gestos simbólicos para reconocer la tragedia (en muchos casos similares a los del »día sin arte« por el sida), la mayoría de las inauguraciones previstas se realizaron, y después de una semana era ya evidente el esfuerzo por volver a hacer las cosas como siempre se habían hecho. El mensaje implícito del mundo artístico resultó ser algo así como »sí, esto ha sido una tragedia, y estamos conmovidos por ella, pero la vida debe continuar y debemos confiar en el poder curativo del arte para seguir adelante«. Mientras tanto, las verdaderas expresiones culturales a flor de piel ocurren en plazas públicas: Times Square, Union Square, Washington Square, y en las estaciones de bomberos. La ciudad entera se convirtió en un camposanto, una ofrenda en memoria a los muertos. ¿A quién podía interesarle ver una instalación de video en un museo?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Para los que sí pusieron atención, los dos fundamentos principales del mundo del arte -el individualismo y el comercio- han sido en cierto modo atacados también por los aviones terroristas. En el intento de preservar nuestro mundo artístico post-histórico, decidimos no adoptar la concepción artística de Beuys, con su misión social y su deseo de cambio, sino más bien el cinismo warholiano, donde el dinero y la fama son sin duda la base de todo. Ningún otro valor ha sobrevivido tan poderosamente, y cuando alguno más se hace presente, los otros dos ocupan indefectiblemente un lugar prioritario. Con pocas excepciones, la conciencia social se ha vuelto ilustrativa, a manera de conceptualismo ornamental. Las verdaderas misiones sociales en el arte dejan de ser moda, o dejan de ser económicamente viables, cuando su enfoque no es el motivo ulterior: transformarlo, a fin de cuentas, en producto.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Nos planteamos el objetivo urgente de redefinir la producción artística de hoy en un momento en que ya veníamos experimentando un agotamiento de creencias y un manierismo formal sostenido en parte por el mito de lo virtual. Para las generaciones de artistas jóvenes, el término »virtual« cobró una importancia esotérica equivalente al término »conceptual« de hace una década: el término de »apellation controlee« de cualquier buen arte. Fue la reflexión natural en un clima generacional donde la distinción entre lo real y lo imaginario desapareció casi por completo. Los reality shows y películas como The Truman Show, Being John Malkovich, y The Matrix fueron la culminación de este fenómeno.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Nuestra falta de contacto con la realidad se muestra inmejorablemente en la respuesta de los campus universitarios, que en décadas pasadas fueron los mayores epicentros del movimiento antimilitarista y esta vez han reaccionado en forma poco informada, desordenada, desigual y a veces hasta indiferente. Mientras algunos estudiantes claman por la paz, otros apoyan la intervención americana, y gran parte se desentiende. Este distanciamiento no es tan diferente al del artista promedio de hoy: estamos dispuestos a tratar temas difíciles y de peso, no a arriesgar nuestra posición jerárquica en el mercado competitivo del mundo del arte. La preocupación por subir en la escala jerárquica supera en mucho a los credos liberales que nos jactamos de tener.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>La vida debe continuar, y el arte debe seguir produciéndose. Pero las cosas ya no pueden ser iguales. Más claramente que nunca vemos como el mundo del arte se ha convertido en una fortaleza medieval dentro de la cual invocamos los grandes conceptos e ideas de la creación. Hoy, una situación drástica requiere medidas drásticas. Si hemos de reconocerlas, habrá que hacer muchos cambios significativos y desarmar muchas estructuras convencionales. De no hacerlo, y si solo continuamos nuestra displicente fiesta privada, nuestro futuro es volvernos irrelevantes ante la historia, de la misma manera en que la historia nos ha parecido irrelevante a nosotros.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>El 11 de septiembre ha sido posiblemente el día de la defunción efectiva de la noción ingenua de la aldea global, y del redescubrimiento del mundo actual. Irónicamente, la precariedad del viaje por avión nos ayudó a darnos cuenta de que, después de todo, el mundo es de veras muy grande y estamos separados en vastas regiones culturales. Y es a través del diálogo artístico como cierta comunicación cultural podría ocurrir. Pero para que el mundo del arte logre reinventarse y convertirse en un área de actividad que realmente marque una diferencia en el sistema de la producción cultural, debe haber una revisión de valores. Hay que buscar la manera de separar los intereses humanos de los económicos. Debe abandonarse la dependencia del protagonismo. Deben abandonarse la retórica interna y la falta de compromiso externo con el publico en general. Finalmente, el arte quizá deba redefinirse dentro de otra área de actividad, y posiblemente liberarse del lastre de algunas de sus acepciones históricas. Pero ante todo, debe ser el resultado necesario de experiencias vitales, en vez de estas ser un pretexto para hacer arte.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Los incidentes de estos días deberían guiar nuestros esfuerzos para comprometernos a desarrollar un nuevo humanismo. Octavio Paz, uno de los pocos poetas modernos que intentó armar un puente entre Oriente y Occidente, creía en el poder transformador y revolucionario de la poesía y su habilidad de iluminar complejidades culturales que ninguna otra área era capaz de hacer. Parafraseando a Paz en su poema, debemos de encontrar esa fuente de agua que nos ayude a infundir vida al arte de nuevo, para que cobre sentido de nuevo para nosotros. Y qué mejor manera que dirigiendo nuestra mirada al mundo de verdad?</span></p>
<p><!--EndFragment--></p>
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		<title>The Seven Bridges of Königsberg</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2008/10/the-seven-bridges-of-konigsberg/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2008/10/the-seven-bridges-of-konigsberg/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Oct 2008 09:24:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Anecdotary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Installation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Performance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Memory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Occult]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sociology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Transpedagogy]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pablohelguera.net/?p=113</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a card reading system. 49 memory images hang on the walls of a room. Visitors are invited to choose seven cards with representations of those 49 images and engage in a dialougue regarding about themselves and their present state of mind. No single selection brings the same interpretation, and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a card reading system. 49 memory images hang on the walls of a room. Visitors are invited to choose seven cards with representations of those 49 images and engage in a dialougue regarding about themselves and their present state of mind. No single selection brings the same interpretation, and the system can be used to answer questions and formulate answers, whether of a personal or general nature. This project brings together mechanisms and fields such as narratology, the art of memory, hermeneutics, topology, divination, and symbolic systems of order and chance. The title of the project is taken after a famous mathematical problem from the XVIIIth century that became the foundation of modern graph theory. Using the city of Königsberg as an example, the problem asks to find a walk through the city that would cross each one of its seven bridges only once.</p>
<p>The Seven Bridges of Königsberg was presented in October 2008 in downtown Manhattan as the inaugural exhibition of the alternative space Forever &amp; Today. For a month, the gallery was turned into a card-reading parlor into which street visitors would enter and pay for a card reading.</p>
<p>Visitors were given a text that described the process of the reading of the cards and the history of the problem of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg.  (see below)</p>

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<p><strong>The Seven Bridges of Königsberg</strong></p>
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<p><em><strong>(An Accompanying Text That Does Not Explain Anything)</strong></em></p>
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<p><em><strong> </strong></em></p>
<p><strong>NYC</strong></p>
<p><strong>2008</strong></p>
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<p>Throughout his eighty years of life, Immanuel Kant never traveled beyond the outskirts of his native Königsberg. His absence of travel experience, which even in his time and for a person of his stature were unusual, and yet for the philosopher this was most decidedly not a reflection of a sedentary spirit. It certainly was never apparent to his students, who usually were impressed by his detailed descriptions of European cities and his erudite knowledge of world affairs.  We are also told by De Quincey and Wasianski that Kant also was a constant stroller, and had such a rigorous and precise walking schedule after dinner that his neighbors would adjust their clocks when the philosopher passed by.</p>
<p>Kant placed great importance to periods of silence and reflection. During his entire adult life, and particularly during a period known as his “silent decade” when he wrote <em>The Critique of Pure Reason</em>, the philosopher would spend his evening strolls reflecting upon what he had read earlier in the day. When Kant would return home, he would sit in his study and spend some time reading, and continue his reflections while looking out the window looking at the old tower of Lobenicht.</p>
<p>Kant’s walking path is not described by his biographers, but in late XVIIIth Century Königsberg it would have been hard not to include its various bridges, which join two islands and each other with the mainland. It would also be hard not to imagine that Herr Kant, while crossing them, would not have thought more than once about the famous problem of The Seven Bridges of Königsberg. The problem was to prove on whether it is possible to follow a path that crosses each bridge exactly once and return to the starting point. The solution to the problem was provided during Kant’s youth by the Swiss scientist Leonhard Euler, the preeminent mathematician of the Eighteenth century. Euler, who introduced much of the terminology of modern Mathematics and Physics, proved in 1736 that it was impossible to cross the seven bridges of Königsberg in a continuous path only once. He reformulated the problem in abstract terms, creating a graph that eliminated all features of the problem except the list of landmasses and the bridges connecting them. Next he observed that during any walk in the graph, the number times one enters a non-terminal vertex (or bridge) equals the number of times one leaves it. Since (in this case) at most two landmasses can serve as the endpoints of a putative walk, the existence of a walk traversing each bridge once leads to a contradiction.</p>
<p>Euler’s solution to The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is generally considered as a foundational theorem that led to the birth of Topology and Graph Theory, which is in turn the guiding principle of modern computation. Euler’s thought, in a larger sense, was influential in Kant as he developed a philosophy that countered skeptical empiricism and used logic to arrive to an absolute moral and spiritual laws.</p>
<p>Königsberg suffered three stages of destruction. The first stage took place in 1944, when the British Royal Air Force raided the city. The second stage was an assault of the Soviet Army in April 1945.  In 1946 the city was ceded to the Soviet Union and its name was changed to Kaliningrad under the Postdam Agreement. The third period of destruction lasted from 1945 until the 1980s. The ideological task of that period, set by the Soviet government, was the construction of a new Russian city. This task presupposed the deliberate extermination of everything reminiscent of the German/Prussian past. Traits of the old Königsberg recognizable in its ruins ought to have been erased. Blocks of buildings as Kneiphof and Altstadt, the northern part of Vorstadt and southern Lobenicht were demolished almost completely.</p>
<p>The present card system functions around the principle of establishing a topology of the present by laying the foundations of the past, in the form of four figurative “landmasses” that become the primary set of four cards: The Present, the Final Outcome, The Past, and The Unresolved Past. Further, and establishing an Eulerian Circuit of sorts, seven cards are set, as bridges onto the primary cards to establish the interconnections between causes and effects.</p>
<p>THE LAYING OF THE CARDS</p>
<p>The cards are to be laid out following the original structure of the city of Konigsberg.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1562" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cards1.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1562" title="cards1" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cards1-700x700.jpg" alt="" width="490" height="490" /></a></p>
<p>The first four cards are laid out in a cross format. Each corresponds to a landmass, or, in the symbolism of the cards, to yourself in the present situation faced with the past, the final outcome, and the unresolved past.</p>
<p>Each one of the seven cards that will bridge these four components will be laid down.</p>
<p>The first card to be laid is the one bridging Yourself to the Past.  This card helps establish the way in which the past influences your present situation, and the way in which it becomes a positive or detrimental factor in influencing the present situation.</p>
<p>The second card to be laid is the one bridging The Past with The Unresolved Past. This second card helps establish the way in which that which is unresolved came about, and what are the origins of this issue that has not yet been addressed.</p>
<p>The fourth card to be laid bridges The Past with the Third Bridge.  This is the second most significant card, as it connects the lower half of your life and your situation, summarizing the nature of the question, the issues of the past, and its relationship to the present.</p>
<p>The fifth card to be laid is the one bridging The Unresolved Past to Yourself. This card helps clarify the situation or reason by which that which remains unresolved may become or is currently an issue to be considered in the present situation. Often this card helps reveal the presence of a person who is important in this situation.</p>
<p>The third card to be laid is the one bridging The Unresolved Past with the Final Outcome. It is the first bridging card that connects to the future, and the one that may lay the foundation to understand in which sense the way in which previous events may link to what is to come.</p>
<p>The sixth card to be laid is the one bridging Yourself in the Present Situation with The Final Outcome.</p>
<p>The seventh and last card is the one bridging the third bridging card with the Final Outcome, providing the last statement of the system.</p>
<p><a rel="attachment wp-att-1563" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cards2.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1563" title="cards2" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cards2-700x742.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="742" /></a></p>
<p>CARD NOMENCLATURE</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Lighthouse</li>
</ol>
<p>This card relates to being a spectator or witness of an event. It connects with the ability to see from far away, perhaps see the future with clarity. The private becomes public. It is a card of revelation. Someone or something that is guiding us. Looking for the comfortable home, comfort food.</p>
<ol>
<li>Cat’s      Cradle</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card of childhood games. Old lessons that we learned in school. This card is often connected to family problems, and also to how we are attracted to those problems as adults. This card represents competitiveness, our place in the ambiguity of being dependent or being independent.</p>
<ol>
<li>Pillory</li>
</ol>
<p>A problem that we don’t seem to be able to solve by ourselves. An embarrassing situation that is made public in front of others. Issues that apparently are simple to others but not to ourselves. Lack of confidence, a labyrinth without a labyrinth, a complex situation that we are not even able to describe or articulate.</p>
<ol>
<li>Temple</li>
</ol>
<p>This card represents our inner sanctuary, our personal memory: the places (periods of time or physical spaces) that are important to us. Damage that has been done to us, to someone or to something that in a way has also been comforting or has brought positive things (the good that has been brought by something bad).</p>
<ol>
<li>Consent</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the connecting card of this deck. It stands for the outer layer of everything. It also stands for veiled vanity: our inability to see makes us very comfortable.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Windmill</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for the construction of imaginary places. It is the card of the idealists, and stands for the construction of dreams.</p>
<ol>
<li>Marienbad</li>
</ol>
<p>Déjà vu, that which is repeated. This card stands for the presence of something or someone in our lives but we are not certain that it is there. We think we are being observed, and we feel we are in an unfamiliar place, but at the same time the sense of unfamiliarity is oddly familiar.</p>
<ol>
<li>Holiday.</li>
</ol>
<p>Looking inside to what nourishes us. Those remote places of comfort, those places where we feel very comfortable, places of escape while we know there is war going on elsewhere cow’s milk and all those domestic commodities.  A possible danger that is hovering over ourselves. Oblivion. It is a card of denial.</p>
<ol>
<li>Actor</li>
</ol>
<p>There is something that we can’t detect. Don’t lose your face in spite your nose. Follow your instincts. There may be a storm coming up soon and you may not realize it at this moment.</p>
<ol>
<li>Station</li>
</ol>
<p>The light at the end of the tunnel. The end of a sickness. Exchange. Coming out from dark to light. This is a transitional card.</p>
<p>Generally, something very difficult or very bad is ending. But you could also be imagining that things are improving. Slow game.</p>
<ol>
<li>Martir</li>
</ol>
<p>We never know the mechanisms of history. Enigmas that are hard to decipher. There is a story behind of which we will never know the true details. This is the card for the conspiracy theorists. It is the card of the absurd decisions and the message that there are decisions that you can never back track from.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Tomb of the Algonquians</li>
</ol>
<p>Exploring an unknown place. This is the time to analyze your own past, to talk to the elders, or to whoever is the person that has the institutional memory, because there it is where you will find the clues. This is the place where some things are incredibly ephemeral and other stay forever, like death. This is the card of the in between place between the cradle and the mausoleum, between complete ignorance and total knowledge, the card that tells you that both are so close to each other that it is easy to miss them.</p>
<ol>
<li>Nursery</li>
</ol>
<p>A place where things originate. But it is an artificial place, and it is a card for those who feel vulnerable.  Things are growing but could die very easily. It is possible to make things flourish if one knows how to nurture them, but one has to be careful and caring. It means that one has the ability to make things work, but that this ability does not come in a spontaneous manner. It is the card of the good student, but not for the ones who are naturally talented.</p>
<ol>
<li>Extinction.</li>
</ol>
<p>Something that is quickly going away or has already left. This is the card that, more than the others, establishes the sense of passing of things. But like in sunsets or breaks of dawn, there is something revelatory in that moment, whether it is a good or bad moment. We will learn a lot of things about ourselves by fleeting things.</p>
<ol>
<li>River-bed</li>
</ol>
<p>This card stands for the denouement of events. Something is going to finish, and that which was not very clear will now be clear in all its mechanisms. It will not finish with a whimper, but with a bang. It is not a positive card, and may describe a situation that has reached a critical point.</p>
<ol>
<li>Music      Room</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a card that stands for all that we were taught. It also stands for sensibility and the transformation of something into art. It connects to the memory that music provides, and how it transports us to another time. That which contains time and memory, could be an object or could be a person. Melodic geography, how a place is constructed individually. This is the card for the talented and for the studious. Something is boring, and there is arduous work behind what you are trying to do.</p>
<ol>
<li>Cicada</li>
</ol>
<p>A card relating to a scene or a place where something unresolved happened. The underground again, things we cannot see. A ritual, a periodic occurrence that we may or may not be aware about, but that is connected with our own rhythms. The card points to secret rituals and to the fact that nature is always wiser than us. Things continue whether we are here or not in the world. This is the card for those in need for structure in their lives, and for the selfish- things are larger than what you think they are.</p>
<ol>
<li>Turnstile</li>
</ol>
<p>A card about the notion of rebound and walking in circles. Other people are making you go where you don’t want to go or where you have been already. You are in a vicious cycle. You are in love, or playing a pointless or dangerous game, and in any case you are a little lost, so it is time to reassess your values and your objectives.</p>
<ol>
<li>Battle      Horse</li>
</ol>
<p>A card that relates to the notion of figurative blindness.  This is the card for those who think are experts but have a hard time questioning themselves. You have a particular talent or knowledge that you know how to exploit, but that also makes you weak or limits you because you cannot look for any other areas of value in your life. It does become a shield, a protective cocoon.</p>
<ol>
<li>Beehive</li>
</ol>
<p>A card that points to being driven by something deceptive or something that may prove to be costly. This is also a card for mirages, for the sense of having been illuminated, but instead having been deceived.</p>
<ol>
<li>Umbrella</li>
</ol>
<p>This card often points to something has come up that in other circumstances would have been very useful, but not now. This is the card for those with bad timing and who feel to be in a lonely situation. However, it is a card that speaks to those in a challenging situation but that have the abilities and the energy to overcome it. It is a card for those undergoing a dry spell and feeling that there is no real escape for the ordeal they are going through.</p>
<ol>
<li>Chameleon</li>
</ol>
<p>Depending on the position of this card, it is about someone’s transformation or the transformation of a situation.  It is a card for those who are in flux, and who are highly adaptable to change. It indicates a situation that is highly volatile, where it is equally possible that you may win or lose to a great degree. Normally people cannot appreciate your great adaptability, but that is because you are able to become invisible. It is a card for those who are able to blend in and can respond to their surroundings without being emotionally affected, who stay above the fray but at the same time are able to fit in.</p>
<p>Never seen species.</p>
<ol>
<li>Concorde</li>
</ol>
<p>Something finally has worked out or will be working out, but also this card is about the deals that lead nowhere. You may have made a business decision that has not or will not work out. Be careful about where you go.</p>
<ol>
<li>Dinosaur</li>
</ol>
<p>The card signals the end of something. Something hasn’t been explained, and events have taken place quite quickly, but still the main reason is very evident. There is someone behind this, and likely someone you know.</p>
<ol>
<li>Bell</li>
</ol>
<p>An event or series of events that are coordinated. This is a card for harmony and for announcing positive events, such as a wedding. You may have something positive with you but perhaps you are not announcing it properly to the rest of the world.</p>
<ol>
<li>Swimmer</li>
</ol>
<p>The swimmer is a character that perfects his abilities, but only to do one single thing.</p>
<p>This is the card for expertise, and for experts. The swimmer knows his objective, but at the same time suffers from lack of perspective and has a hard time looking at the big picture. This is a card for independent people.</p>
<ol>
<li>Pendulum</li>
</ol>
<p>Something needs to be measured. You are the measurement of the situation. You are the person whom others depend for their help and expertise, but you feel lost, and sometimes you don’t know who to trust. First children and only children correspond to this card.  You are an empiricist, someone who will only try things for oneself.</p>
<ol>
<li>Well</li>
</ol>
<p>Something is hidden within you or within a place that matters to you, and it is your duty to look for it and take it out in order to solve your problems. This is the card that calls for introspection.</p>
<ol>
<li>Balloon</li>
</ol>
<p>“Happiness lies high for us- it is the ultimate goal for man according to Aristotle. It lies high but sometimes like a balloon it descends upon us and we can reach it.” This is the card of the eccentrics and the adventurers, who often engage in wild goose chases and are very self absorbed.</p>
<ol>
<li>Home.</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for returns, the card that indicates that it is time to go back to where we came from, for whatever reason. It also indicates the completion of a journey, which usually seems to be the longest section of any trip. At this point we are naked, fragile, and in need of our families and the others.</p>
<ol>
<li>Witch-hunt</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for stupidity and ignorance, for rumors and hearsays, of superstition and isolation. It stands for all the things that you were told were true and for all the defects of your education and the place that educated you.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Man with the Iron Mask</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for outer shells, for the protective layers that we wear in order to escape or deny a certain reality.  The layers give us confidence, but they may also turn us into a monster. It may relate to a condition that we simply can’t control and we have to learn to live with.</p>
<ol>
<li>Explorer</li>
</ol>
<p>An unexpected situation has brought new insights. We have been forced to see something, he value of something or the bad aspects of something.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Twin Kings</li>
</ol>
<p>This is an ambivalent card: it may stand for two simultaneous strengths but also for a dilemma that we are having in our life. We have to choose and we don’t know which one is going to prevail.</p>
<ol>
<li>Threshold</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for all those who want to be on the other side or who want to be someone else. There is always something inaccessible to us, and we define ourselves in terms of how much we want to obtain that which is inaccessible to us.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Lover</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for the Platonists, those who think that love and art can coexist, that it is possible to find pure goodness. It is also the card that indicates mortality and points to the end of times, or to the fact that something has or must come to an end.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Electric Storm</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card of the external forces, which becomes particularly significant when it appears in the context of a bridge to the past. It signals those events or circumstances beyond our control that greatly influence our decisions and our current situation.</p>
<ol>
<li>Dream      Fairy</li>
</ol>
<p>Depending on the context, this card points to escapism and contradiction on the one hand, or the ability to think large and retain a positive outlook of the situation on the other. It stands for the ideals that we seek to accomplish.</p>
<ol>
<li>Lion      in Winter</li>
</ol>
<p>The end of the game, and the wisdom that comes with it, is often the significance of this card. It is a card that points to our inner strengths gained by experience, and our ability to see the world better thanks to it.</p>
<ol>
<li>Deus      Ex Machina</li>
</ol>
<p>This card, like #37, often represents someone’s community —whether family, friends, nation, etc. — and the way its history is playing a part in the question being asked.</p>
<ol>
<li>Squirrel</li>
</ol>
<p>This card stands for an action that is currently being made, a project that is being followed-through. It often indicates the need to change the means to an end, and to indicate the importance of foresight.</p>
<ol>
<li>Morning</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a highly psychological card. It often points to the need of exploring one’s childhood obsessions, or revisiting the early circumstances of the issue at hand. On other contexts, the card is about comfort and leisure.</p>
<ol>
<li>Martir</li>
</ol>
<p>This card brings forth that which has been sacrificed in order to obtain a particular benefit, some of which may be of a personal nature. It also points to a misleading incentive, or a false purpose for something that is being made. However, this card also establishes fortitude and determination.</p>
<ol>
<li>Keys</li>
</ol>
<p>This is an important card of the deck. It points to a gravitating force of a particular situation and often reveals the point where the answer to a problem lies. It presents the notion that the answers to a problem lie in the very nature of a particular place or person.  It is a revelatory card of travel and new encounters.</p>
<ol>
<li>Vulture</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a powerful card of warning and insight. Paired with The Lover and The Lion in Winter, also points to the end of a situation, to infinite insight, but also to our need to seek protection from something that may threaten us— the loss of a job, the loss of a friend, and other circumstances that may not benefit us.</p>
<ol>
<li>Experiment</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a card that strongly relates us to our dependence to the others and the tension between the way in which we are being seen and the others see us. The questioner in this case should reflect about this tension and the conflicts within it.</p>
<ol>
<li>Venus</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card of fulfillment and desire.  Depending on the context, it may be pointing to a need to acknowledge the way in which an unconscious desire we have may be driving our actions, or perhaps how a selfish act influenced a situation. In some instances the card is about an unresolved relationship.</p>
<ol>
<li>Turtle</li>
</ol>
<p>This card is about gaining perspective of a particularly confusing situation that is taking place at the time. Things may look extremely difficult or confusing at the time, and this card calls for taking the high road pointing that there is always a means to resolve a problem. It is a reassuring card.</p>
<ol>
<li>Last      Act</li>
</ol>
<p>A particular situation has arrived to its ultimate consequences.  This card is often related to conversations, speeches, arguments and debates that may have influenced us in some way as well as the situation we are inquiring about. It warns us about the way in which what actually happened is not how it will be remembered and establishes the distance between an event and the memory of it.</p>
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		<title>Historias de un Instituto (2008)</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2008 15:06:31 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[
Text for Vice magazine about the Instituto de la Telenovela, also published in the Utne Reader in the fall of 2008 
Pablo Helguera
El Instituto de la Telenovela: en pos del melodrama global
  
En el verano de 1992, después de la caída de la Unión Soviética, la televisión estatal se encontraba en profunda transición; era necesario encontrar una [...]]]></description>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Text for Vice magazine about the Instituto de la Telenovela, also published in the Utne Reader in the fall of 2008 </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Pablo Helguera</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"><strong>El Instituto de la Telenovela: en pos del melodrama global</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">  </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">En el verano de 1992, después de la caída de la Unión Soviética, la televisión estatal se encontraba en profunda transición; era necesario encontrar una manera eficiente y económica de llenar los espacios televisivos que antes habían sido ocupados por programación oficial. Fue así como un productor del canal ruso Commonwealth Channel Ostankino decidió contratar los derechos de transmisión de <em>Los Ricos También Lloran</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">, una telenovela realizada a finales de los años setenta en México. La telenovela, en la que estelarizaban Verónica Castro y Rogelio Guerra, sigue el estereotipo narrativo clásico de los melodramas mexicanos de esa década: la protagonista es una mujer de clase baja enamorada del hijo de un millonario. Es un romance imposible dadas las distancias sociales – y raciales— que los separan. Y sin embargo, después de 249 episodios, los personajes sobrellevan esta y otras vicisitudes para finalmente unirse en matrimonio.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t202"  style='position:absolute;margin-left:256.05pt;margin-top:135.2pt;width:162pt;  height:27pt;z-index:2' stroked="f" /><![endif]--></p>
<p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">La telenovela fue lanzada al aire con el título de <em>Bogaty Toszhe Plachut</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">,<span>  </span>con un doblaje de bajo costo, en el que las voces originales de los actores se escuchan aún yuxtapuestas con las voces de los traductores rusos. Los productores de Ostakino imaginaron que la telenovela podría resultar popular; pero nunca habrían podido anticipar el grado de obsesión e histeria masiva que llegaría a suscitar. Los países ex-soviéticos pronto se volvieron adictos a la telenovela. Los peinados anticuados no parecían importar: los ojos verdes sumergidos en lágrimas de Verónica Castro se convirtieron en los ojos más famosos de Rusia.<span>  </span>Todas las ciudades se paralizaban al llegar la hora de la transmisión de la novela. El día de la transmisión del ultimo episodio de Los Ricos también Lloran fue día de luto general. Se estima que ese día aproximadamente 200 millones de rusos vieron la transmisión, convirtiendo al episodio en el programa más visto en un país en la historia de la televisión.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Mi relación con las telenovelas, como la mayoría de los mexicanos, es compleja y contradictoria: por un lado las miramos con desprecio, como producto basura, y por otro secretamente las hemos visto de reojo y nos hemos dejado entretener por ellas, ya sea por un episodio o dos o como entrega absoluta por una narrativa particular o simplemente como parte de un aspecto cultural nuestro que ha entrado en nuestro subconsciente de una forma aún difícil de explicar. En mi caso, hay también una conexión familiar que no suelo confesar. El hermano de mi madre, Enrique Lizalde,<span>  </span>es actor de telenovela, y de hecho uno de los primeros protagonistas de las primeras producciones que realizó Televisa ( El Derecho de Nacer de 1966, por ejemplo). Mi Mamá decía en las tardes: “voy a ir a ver a tu tío”, y se ponía a planchar enfrente de la televisión hacia las cinco de la tarde—el “prime time” de las telenovelas. El pretexto de “ver a Enrique” era de hecho perfecto para justificar ver el programa cada tarde. Recuerdo haber visto “Chispita” en su totalidad, así como la primera edición de “Corazón Salvaje” y “Mundo de Juguete”. Enrique, quien aún trabaja en telenovelas (ahora por lo general como el padre del protagonista), aparecía con su clásica voz grave y actitud en extremo seria y un tanto amenazadora, prácticamente idéntica en todas las telenovelas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Muchos años después, en el verano del 2001, me encontraba viajando por la costa de Dalmacia cuando, en el tren, entablé una conversación con una niña bosnia de quince años.<span>  </span>“De donde eres?” me preguntó. Al enterarse que yo era de México, su rostro se iluminó: “mi actriz favorita es Jacqueline Andere!”. La niña procedió a recitar una serie de actores mexicanos de telenovela y de series a un nivel de detalle que me dejó atónito, desplegando un conocimiento que sería más apropiado de una vendedora de tortillas de la colonia Doctores. “¿Cómo es posible que sepas tanto de telenovelas mexicanas?”, le dije. “Todas las tardes las veo con mis amigas. Nos encantan y estamos aprendiendo español. ¿Cómo es Coyoacán? En una serie se ve muy agradable.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"><span> </span>Después de hablar un rato más y despedirse, me dijo:<span>  </span>“Eres muy afortunado de provenir de un país donde hay tan grandes artistas”.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">No mucho tiempo después, al llegar a Zagreb y quedarme en casa de unos amigos, noté que la tía de uno de ellos estaba viendo “Esmeralda”. En la pantalla estaba el tío Enrique, traducido al Croata.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">El éxito rotundo de Los Ricos También Lloran a principio de los noventa marcó el principio de una década de globalización de la telenovela. Este éxito comercial fue de enorme beneficio para los gigantes televisivos de Mexico, Venezuela y Brasil, como Televisa y TVGlobo. En el caso de Televisa, las ventas de derechos de telenovelas se dispararon, llegando a países tan disímiles como Israel y Filipinas y produciendo cientos de miles de dólares en esa década. Estos eventos transformaron a la industria de la telenovela, que pronto asumió un nuevo papel global al comenzar a generar tramas e historias en contextos cada vez más exóticos ( de ahí que surgiera una preferencia por dramas en haciendas del siglo diecinueve).<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Fue en ese viaje cuando decidí que sería necesario comenzar un proyecto que investigara el origen de esta obsesión global y las razones por las que un producto comercial de esta naturaleza , aparentemente arraigado en dramas tan locales, había alcanzado tales dimensiones de fanatismo internacional.<span>  </span>Sin saber que justo en esos momentos Nicolás Bourriaud estaba comenzando a promover su teoría del arte relacional, nació el Instituto de la Telenovela, un proyecto artístico que era parte instituto de investigación, parte instalación nomádica, y parte una telenovela por entregas. El objetivo sería establecer oficinas de tal instituto en diferentes países donde las telenovelas latinoamericanas han tenido un impacto particular, y a través de programas y otros proyectos, generar debates críticos acerca de las razones por la que esto se estaba dando. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">La fundación Televisa en México me permitió acceso a su archivo en avenida Chapultepec, donde había evidencia de algunos, escasos, programas que investigaban su propia autoconciencia histórica de la telenovela. En México, se podría decir que los tres nombres claves de la fundación de la telenovela fueron Emililo Azcárraga,<span>  </span>Ernesto Alonso y Valentín Pimstein. “El Tigre” Azcárraga, el dueño de Televisa,<span>  </span>marcó el plan comercial de las telenovelas en Latinoamérica y a través de ellas logró expander el alcance global de la televisión mexicana. Su decisión de defender el idioma español y no entrar en cuestiones de traducción fue en particular significativa. Alonso y Pimstein, por su parte, contribuyeon a armar la estructura dramática moderna de la telenovela. Pimstein, un imigrante chileno que se estableció en México, fue de las primeras personas que comenzó a implementar encuestas de audiencia para determinar los desenlaces de las historias, según se narra, yendo a mercados y otros lugares públicos para recoger opiniones. Una de sus frases más famosas de aquellos tiempos era: “si no lo hacemos así, mi sirvienta no lo entenderá.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">La primera ciudad donde establecí el instituto fue en Ljubljana, Eslovenia, en 2002, con ayuda del artista Tadej Pogacar que tenía un espacio llamado Galerija P74. Ljubljana, como la mayoría de las capitales de Europa del Este, tiene una arquitectura urbana del siglo diecinueve combinada con edificios desabridos de la era del comunismo, por lo general en una paleta de ocres y grises. La idea fue contrastar esos colores con un interior telenovelesco que utilizara la tradición del modernismo mexicano de Luis Barragán, con rosas mexicanos, azules y amarillos al estilo del hotel Camino Real. El resultado fue en extremo memorable para los eslovenos, uno de los cuales acabó pintando su casa de los mismos colores posteriormente.<span>  </span>Las telenovelas no eran en absoluto ajenas en Ljubljana; justo unos días antes la actriz principal de la telenovela “Esmeralda”, Leticia Calderón, visitó Ljubljana y fue recibida por aproximadamente mil personas en el aeropuerto ( dado el minusculo tamaño del país, mil personas es una cifra exorbitante).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Un caso similar se dio en Zagreb, Croacia, donde el instituto abrió sus puertas en la forma de un <em>Tequila Bar,</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD"> bajo el título de “Telenovela Bar”.<span>  </span>Las mesas del bar eran a la vez vitrinas donde se mostraban objetos que de hecho constituían la exposición.<span>  </span>De inmediato, el bar se convirtió en un centro importante de sociabilidad. En Croacia se publica una revista, Gloria, que prácticamente está dedicada a las telenovelas latinoamericanas: los actores mexicanos son entrevistados en sus casas en las Lomas o San Angel, de la misma manera en que la revista Vanity Fair entrevistaría a Scarlett Johannson o Angelina Jolie. Un artista local propuso que organizáramos un taller sobre la telenovela. Al anunciarlo, pensé que recibiríamos un grupo de 10 personas cuando mucho. Pero el día del taller llegaron cerca de 100 personas, así como las cámaras de televisión local. El público extrañamente mezclado venía constituído de amas de casa de edad madura, así como de artistas conceptuales locales— una de las mezclas más extrañas de públicos que he presenciado— y sin embargo las discusiones fueron en extremo reveladoras: las amas de casa eran especialistas en el tema, y estaban en extremo familiarizadas con la noción de debatir los aspectos sociológicos de las telenovelas: en todo país, las telenovelas ofrecen material de discusión. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Desde los primeros días de investigaciones del instituto comencé a notar patrones comunes en la manera en que cada país se relacionaba con las telenovelas, y a la vez, la manera en que la relación con las telenovelas revelaba algo acerca de cada país. Una investigadora canadiense, Dense Bombardier, lo describió perfectamente con su frase “Dame una telenovela y te daré una nación.”<span>  </span>En términos generales, sin embargo, las telenovelas implementan lo que el crítico Tomás Lopez-Pumarejo (mi teórico principal del instituto) describió como “el drama de la autoconciencia”: son historias que giran en torno a pregunas ontológicas de tipo “¿donde está mi hijo?” “¿dónde está mi amor?”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Hay una clara relación en la manera en que los melodramas telenovelescos exploran las tensiones sociales de un país y las convierten en terapia colectiva. Este proceso funcionó muy bien entre países que recién emergían del legado comunista, en busca de una especie de búsqueda psicológica donde se trataba de encontrar claridad en relación a los tabús de clase que habían dominado durante esa era &#8212; de manera que un drama centrado en la imposiblidad de un amor por razones sociales o económicas era en extremo poderoso.<span>  </span>Varios estudios de la época en que Los Ricos fueron transmitidos en Rusia indica que las series norteamericanas que también se transmitieron en esa época— como por ejemplo Dallas o Dynasty— si bien eran populares, nunca generaron el mismo nivel de interés debido a que los rusos no se identificaban con los problemas familiares de un millonario petrolero de Dallas. Los niveles altos de producción de esos programas tampoco parecieron importar; de ahí que productoras como Televisa no se preocuparan demasiado por invertir demasiado en la calidad de producción de cada episodio. Era el dramatismo, las emociones a flor de piel, y en parte el contexto exótico lo que le daba un atractivo especial a las telenovelas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">La estructura dramática de la telenovela opera de maneras misteriosas, aludiendo a nuestros deseos o temores reprimidos, y en ocasiones generándolos.<span>  </span>El poder de persuasión de las telenovelas es precisamente su principio fundador. Todo comenzó en la década de los 30 en Chicago, cuado una compañía de detergentes decidió lanzar un comercial en el radio en el que aparecían una madre e hija discurriendo diferentes cosas, con la conversación siempre resultando en la compra o el uso del detergente. Con el tiempo, los diálogos entre estos personajes comenzaron a ser más elaborados, hasta el punto en que el comercial adquirió las proporciones de un programa en sí, pero siempre manteniendo al producto como el <em>leit motiv </em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">de la acción. De ahí que surgiera el término <em>soap opera</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">,<span>  </span>pues se refería por un lado al anunciante original así como al melodrama desbordado del programa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">El grado de persuasión psicológica de las telenovelas está bien documentado: la telenovela <em>Simplemente María</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">, que trataba de la manera en que una sirvienta lograba triunfar en la vida a través de comprar una máquina de coser y tomar clases nocturnas, generó la compra masiva de máquinas de coser en Perú;<span>  </span>en<span>  </span>Cáceres, España, se le hizo un monumento al personaje de la telenovela. La venta de tinte rubio para pelo se incrementa en países donde la actriz principal de una telenovela es rubia; un porcentaje importante de los nombres de niños rusos está basado en actores o personajes de telenovelas.<span>  </span>En Hungría se inició un fondo contra la ceguera como resultado de “Esmeralda”, que trata de la historia de una hermosa mujer ciega.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">El efecto educativo de las telenovelas ha generado iniciativas positivas, tales como campañas en Africa en forma de telenovelas para conscientizar al público en cuanto a problemas como el sida y la drogadicción. Sin embargo, la telenovela no es sino un producto comercial, y como tal, solo obedece intereses comerciales y no necesariamente altruistas. En la década de los noventa, está bien documentado que la alianza de Televisa con el partido revolucionario institucional resultó en una bonanza comercial para la televisora a cambio de generar programación telenovelesca sin contenido político y más profuso en las épocas en que había mayores tensiones en el pais. Como el vehículo comercial más efectivo jamás creado, la telenovela puede ser un gran instrumento demagógico.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Una de las últimas paradas del instituto fue Cuba, el lugar que vio el nacimiento de la telenovela latinoamericana. Fue en Cuba donde, en los años cuarenta la tradición narrativa a nivel radial era la más rica, y el formato de la telenovela fue rápidamente adoptado. Asimismo, a principios de los años cincuenta Cuba contaba con la mayor cantidad de televisores per cápita que la mayoría de otros países, incluyendo Estados Unidos. En 1958 fue lanzada al aire la primera telenovela latinoamericana: <em>El derecho de nacer</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">, que trataba de un hombre blanco criado por una mujer negra, y la búsqueda de éste por su madre biológica. El tema de tensiones raciales que era lógico para la multi-racial sociedad cubana tuvo inmediata acogida en el resto de Latinoamérica.<span>  </span><em>El derecho</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD"> es la telenovela que más se ha vuelto a producir a lo largo de las décadas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Cuando establecimos las oficinas del instituto en Cuba, el impacto fue automático. La televisión misma nos vino a entrevistar, y al día siguiente éramos famosos en Havana vieja. En Cuba la telenovela sigue siendo el medio de entretenimiento por autonomasia, dada la poca variedad de programación que provee la televisión estatal ( el canal gubernamental pasaba eternamente un documental de varias horas de duración, “Fidel en el Congo”.) La ausencia de crítica política era evidente, aunque de vez en cuando se permitía la transmisión de telenovelas de otros países que contenían crítica local, como es el caso de la telenovela colombiana “Betty la fea”, que causó sensación mundial y hoy se ha rehecho en Estados Unidos como “Ugly Betty”.<span>  </span>En un episodio de la novela, Betty, quien trabaja en una oficina, hace un comentario en relación a la economía del país, criticando al ministro de finanzas. Al día siguiente, los diarios colombianos iniciaron una seria arremetida al ministro, analizando las críticas de Betty. El personaje había adquirido el nivel de una figura política a nivel nacional.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">El Instituto organizó mesas redondas con especialistas, productores y actores, performances, publicaciones, lecturas dramáticas y exposiciones dentro de exposiciones, como fue el caso de las fotos de Stefan Ruiz quien documentó la extraña realidad fabricada de los estudios de las telenovelas de Televisa.<span>  </span>Paradójicamente, el instituto nunca llegó a abrirse en México, a pesar de ser el lugar donde todo el material se había originado. Yo mismo desistí de continuar el periplo del instituto, virando a otros temas y consciente que sería<span>  </span>una tarea de toda la vida el continuar viajando a países cada vez más remotos para analizar sus complejas relaciones con los melodramas televisivos. La telenovela también ha evolucionado, adquiriendo nuevos formatos dramáticos y actualizándose en los temas que incluyen la clonación y el 11 de septiembre. Enrique hace cada vez menos apariciones en la tele, y, quizá como él, yo también me he semi-jubilado del tema.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Pero, como sucede en el mundo de las telenovelas, siempre existe la posiblidad de una secuela, o un <em>remake</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">. ****</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p><!--EndFragment--></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Chipilo</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2008/06/chipilo/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2008/06/chipilo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2008 10:49:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Essays]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geography]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Memory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[The Americas]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pablohelguera.net/?p=308</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[

(video, black and white, 15 min., 2008)
Chipilo is a documentary based on the story of a town of the same name, located in the vicinity of the city of Puebla, Mexico. Toward the last quarter of the XIXth century, the government of Porfirio Díaz sought to populate some areas of Mexican land with European immigrants, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-full wp-image-309 aligncenter" title="000017" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/000017.jpg" alt="000017" width="363" height="264" /><br />
<em></em></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(video, black and white, 15 min., 2008)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><em>Chipilo</em> is a documentary based on the story of a town of the same name, located in the vicinity of the city of Puebla, Mexico. Toward the last quarter of the XIXth century, the government of Porfirio Díaz sought to populate some areas of Mexican land with European immigrants, with the hopes that these groups would enrich the culture and the economy of the region. Amongst these groups were a community of northern italians that spoke Veneto and agreed to settle in these new lands. The unusual geographic, social and political circumstances of this arrangement resulted in the italian settlers to remain in isolation without much other choice. To this day, most of the population of Chipilo speak the original Véneto dialect. Chipilo documents, in the original language, the story of this community that resulted from a utopian social experiment in XIXth Century Mexico.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Panamerican Diary</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2006/06/panamerican-diary/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2006/06/panamerican-diary/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jun 2006 11:11:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Anecdotary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Performance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Texts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Things on Paper]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geography]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Journalism]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Sociology of art]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pablohelguera.net/?p=212</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Panamerican Diary is a an edition of 120 works that describe the 120 days of ground journey from Anchorage to Tierra del Fuego undertaken as part of The School of Panamerican Unrest. The full narration of the journey can be found at www.panamericanismo.org
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Panamerican Diary is a an edition of 120 works that describe the 120 days of ground journey from Anchorage to Tierra del Fuego undertaken as part of The School of Panamerican Unrest. The full narration of the journey can be found at <a href="http://www.panamericanismo.org.">www.panamericanismo.org</a></p>

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		<title>Marie Smith Jones</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2006/05/marie-smith-jones/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2006/05/marie-smith-jones/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 21 May 2006 23:18:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geography]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Memory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sociology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Americas]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
This video, which forms part of The School of Panamerican Unrest Project, documents an interview with Marie Smith Jones (1918-2008), last speaker of the Eyak language. The interview was made on May 21, 2006 in Anchorage, Alaska.
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<p style="text-align: left;">This video, which forms part of The School of Panamerican Unrest Project, documents an interview with Marie Smith Jones (1918-2008), last speaker of the Eyak language. The interview was made on May 21, 2006 in Anchorage, Alaska.</p>
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