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		<title>Exégesis del Conferencista (2008)</title>
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Exégesis del Conferencista
Performance-conferencia leída en el Museo Carrillo Gil, Mexico, DF, con motivo de la Fiesta del Asno, que tomó lugar el  25 de julio del 2008. El siguiente es el texto de la conferencia-performance junto con las imagenes, varias de las cuales provienen de obras de la colección del museo.
Performance-lecture presented at the Museum [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Exégesis del Conferencista</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Performance-conferencia leída en el Museo Carrillo Gil, Mexico, DF, con motivo de la <a href="http://pablohelguera.net/2008/07/la-fiesta-del-asno-the-feast-of-the-ass/">Fiesta del Asno</a>, que tomó lugar el  25 de julio del 2008. El siguiente es el texto de la conferencia-performance junto con las imagenes, varias de las cuales provienen de obras de la colección del museo.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Performance-lecture presented at the Museum Carrillo Gil, Mexico City, as part of the project <a href="http://pablohelguera.net/2008/07/la-fiesta-del-asno-the-feast-of-the-ass/">The Feast of the Ass</a>, which took place on July 25, 2008. Following is the full text of the lecture along with the screened images, many of which are from works from the museum&#8217;s collection.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://0D5A5036-528E-444D-8EAD-5B09EB630CDA/image.tiff" alt="" width="419" height="611" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Damas y Caballeros,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://38465EED-3734-4846-9676-5DBF34F63848/image.tiff" alt="" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Los antiguos griegos tenían nueve musas: Caliope, la musa de la poesía heroica; Clío, de la historia; Erato, la musa de la poesía erotica, Euterpe, de la poesía lírica; Melpomene, la musa de la tragedia; Polimnia, la de la canción sagrada. Pero los griegos olvidaron una décima musa, que no era Sor Juana, sino la musa de los conferencistas de arte. Hablaremos hoy de aquella musa, y de como ella debe de ser invocada.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://1AC0298A-65BC-4466-875D-63134952BD1A/image.tiff" alt="" width="360" height="240" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Qué significa dar conferencias sobre artes visuales? Puesto que el arte, es visual, cual es el objetivo de ponerle palabras, e inclusive, pretender que esas palabras explican, describen, o peor aun traducen, lo que uno esta viendo? Lo primero que debe de saber el conferencista es que el dar una conferencia es una tarea utópica, platónica, donde trazamos sombras de lo que es imposible entender de lleno. Hoy veremos qué debe de hacer el conferencista experto, como él se convierte en musa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://B5F89010-2109-48F0-BC32-96C9D872700E/image.tiff" alt="" width="211" height="155" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El conferencista experto entra a la sala de forma ceremoniosa. Su público lo aguarda, ansioso por una experiencia transformadora, a veces aburridos, porque otros los trajeron, porque necesitan una calificación, porque solo vienen a la fiesta, o porque son exploradores espirituales en busca de iluminación y de guía, o porque son críticos en busca de algo qué criticar. El conferencista sabe todo esto, y cuidadosamente, lentamente, seguramente, toma el escenario.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://CFB62CF4-8663-4CA1-801C-E0007F68D119/image.tiff" alt="" width="844" height="669" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El escenario. El escenario se puede comparar a un acantilado, donde uno se siente desnudo como un pollo desplumado, siendo observado minuciosamente por el público. Es deber del conferencista el vencer este miedo y esta percepción.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://3873163A-4019-404E-A526-4AE81E72FA7F/image.tiff" alt="" width="571" height="384" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El público por naturaleza es rebelde, y lo cuestiona todo. Por eso el conferencista debe de poner el orden estético, histórico, racional, entre la confusion intellectual que predomina en la sala.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://44C42FE6-689D-47B0-80A0-0F0ED03D4F27/image.tiff" alt="" width="614" height="444" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Si el conferencista cumple su objetivo, logrará la confianza y la absoluta sumisión de su público, al grado que cualquier frase que salga de su boca sera considerada como una profesía sagrada.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://664E4F6F-9899-449C-AD0F-867397073A46/image.tiff" alt="" width="500" height="400" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El conferencista es un compositor, en el sentido clásico, construyendo su conferencia a la manera de una sinfonía, o de un edificio de corte clásico. Si está bien construida, la conferencia se vuelve un edificio perenne de memoria. Pero sin una fundación temática convincente,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://A8BC5EC8-82D1-4E31-AC26-43FDB8A35198/image.tiff" alt="" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>una conferencia de arte se puede colapsar como una caja sin fondo, y el conferencista experto lo sabe.<span> </span>Algunas pueden estar huecas en el medio y quizá no sean de interés a nadie.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>De manera que hay que hacer como haría un conferencista experto, y usar imagenes para hablar en metáforas, con el fin de entender qué es lo que constituye una gran conferencia y como se invoca a la musa de los conferencistas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span><span> </span>¿Qué es lo que espera el público de una conferencia de historia del arte? La respuesta es que muy poco.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://D19967A4-65BB-4D85-9649-08C61E9C01C1/image.tiff" alt="" width="614" height="508" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>La mayoría vienen con pocas expectativas, con la misma energía con la que uno asistiría a un velorio. Esto no es de sorprender, dado que la mayoría de los conferencistas, después de todo, muestran la misma pasión por su discurso que la de un cadaver.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://D3D4F42A-72E9-4952-8188-F50DE551B909/image.tiff" alt="" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Se tiene la preocupación entre el público que el conferencista lo cargue de datos, dándole toda clase de fechas, nombres, y definiciones extrañas de periodos y estilos y filósofos post-estructuralistas franceses para que los llevemos a cuestas indefinidamente, y los cuales se nos preguntarán al final de la presentación. Pero el conferencista experto lo sabe, y en vez de esto, se asegurará que la conferencia se sienta como</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://9F3BFCF3-7753-47DA-90D6-C9C9C5BB13A3/image.tiff" alt="" width="512" height="407" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>un paseo agradable<span> </span>por la playa, un viaje leve y refrescante a través de los<span> </span>horizontes y las sensuales olas de la historia del arte.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://B0F949EE-0607-46DC-8C31-ACF6E7653D4C/image.tiff" alt="" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Pero esto no quiere decir que el proceso será fácil para el público. El buen conferencista se asegurará que el público se vea a sí mismo en el espejo, contemplando nuestros deseos, nuestros intereses y nuestros miedos, como explicaré.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Pero primero tenemos que determinar qué es lo que un conferencista experto NO debe de ser, y cómo podemos identificarlo. He aquí a continuación algunas categorías que hay que eludir.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://6131F373-5548-40F0-9629-635F1A08F3E7/image.tiff" alt="" width="499" height="379" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Hay que cuidarse del conferencista autoritario, aquel con la voz monótona y dictatorial, con la cual nos da los datos, los títulos, las fechas y los estilos, la mayoría de los cuales olvidaremos después de algunos segundos. Cuando habla el conferencista autoritario, sentimos la presión de aprender por miedo. Nada de lo que le digamos al conferencista autoritario puede ser correcto. Aquellos que buscan una experiencia sadomasoquista, y sufren de síndrome de Estocolmo, quizá disfruten a este conferencista.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://A93B511C-57B9-4240-9910-D82E0DD0A7FE/image.tiff" alt="" width="263" height="339" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Está el conferencista miope, el que describe las imágenes tal cuales.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El conferencista miope tiene la dificultad de encontrar sus propias ideas, de manera que se se especializa en llenar sus conferencias de citas, y frases tales como “como Kant, diría, el arte es importante para la sociedad”, o “como estipula Gombrich, hay que analizar la pintura de hoy.” Al mostrarnos una pintura de una mujer de vestido rojo, el conferencista miope nos dirá: “esta obra representa a una mujer de vestido rojo.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://086C7D05-B492-47F2-B4BD-50809307BE32/image.tiff" alt="" width="384" height="424" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El conferencista solipsista tiende a ser un gran actor, que, como un mago, logra convencer a su público que solo él es su propio público, y que el publico que lo rodea no existe. Como resultado, el conferencista solipsista se abandona en los placeres de la autoescucha, elaborando y amplificando sus teorías. Debido a que los conferencistas solipsistas no se tienen que preocuparse de que sus conferencias le sean inteligibles a nadie mas que a ellos mismos, sus presentaciones adquieren un matiz curioso de fluir de consciencia, una lógica de sueño, moviendose de un tema a otro sin problema.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El público que asiste a las conferencias solipsistas deben de apreciarlas por su calidad textural, y no preocuparse por sentirse expluidos, puesto que todos, de hecho, estan siendo excluidos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://E0BF0D31-3411-449E-ADD7-6A34F75BC186/image.tiff" alt="" width="351" height="430" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El conferencista aprehensivo es aquel que ha aceptado dar una conferencia pero que tiene pánico escénico y animosidad ante el público, prefiriendo escapar de ellos. Tratarán de imaginar a su público desnudo, sin éxito. Buscarán protección con todo lo que tengan, escondiendose detras del podio, sus powerpoints y sus notas, donde esconderán su cara como protección.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://C726DC0E-1F1C-4B7E-8400-BCF3C1DC7EA5/image.tiff" alt="" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El conferencista evasivo puede ser muchos a la vez, sin ser ninguno de ellos en algun momento en particular, sin comprometerse a idea alguna, usualmente bajo el argumento de que todo argumento es relativo. El conferencista evasivo por lo general viene de “buena familia” y por consiguiente tiene mala educación , por lo que suele ser desagradecido con sus anfitriones, diciendo por ejemplo que no sabe por qué ha sido invitado a hablar sobre este u otro tema, que su asistente o su galería se equivocó preparando el powerpoint, que la estática del microfono lo distrae, que el agua que le dieron para beber no es Evian, que la impresora imprimió las páginas de la presentación en el orden equivocado, o que su gato se paró en su computadora, escribiendo frases o afirmaciones que no está preparado a explicar.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://D035EE75-2E69-4AC5-A0E1-0BD8E7F06D01/image.tiff" alt="" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El conferencista infantilista es bueno, pero quizá demasiado bueno, para su público, mostrando un tipo de condescendencia que es similar al de una madre amamantando a su hijo, dandonos a entender que quiza algun dia llegaremos a saber tanto como él. Si<span> </span>uno ha olvidado lo que representaba estar en primaria, o si alquien quisiera saber lo que es estudiar en un orfanato católico, esta experirencia la puede proveer el conferencista infantilista.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://A04594ED-7A85-44B6-B87D-A1711FE8F634/image.tiff" alt="" width="628" height="461" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Esta el conferencista nihilista, que busca destruir las ideas de todos los demas, sin proponer ninguna nueva, dejando al publico en un estado de vacio existencial.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://81FB0C03-EC59-4CE9-9DFB-AAC3886CA96B/image.tiff" alt="" width="570" height="476" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Y finalmente tenemos al conferencista fast food, o tambien conocido como el conferencista seductor, oradores talentosos que nos embelesan con sus complejas y hermosas frases que parecen tener sentido y perfecta claridad. Sus explicaciones parecen iluminarnos, pero como la comida rapida, el sabor inicial rapidamente se torna en grasa, y como ese beso furtivo pasa de darnos placer a darnos confusion. Hemos olvidado todo, y nos hemos quedado con la impresion de habernos perdido el platillo principal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Pero el conferencista experto sabe esto, y por ello utilizará su conocimiento para prevenir estas fatales tendencias que hemos descrito.<span> </span>El deberá de luchar primero contra</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://7A961510-14A6-4F26-86C4-04167F0BB7C9/image.tiff" alt="" width="461" height="585" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>los demonios del powerpoint. Una vez hecho esto, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El Habrá de utilizar sus habilidades para envolver a su publico gradualmente en un mundo de fantasia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://08A594F2-54CF-45FD-BFCC-DC60C88C1DD9/image.tiff" alt="" width="251" height="288" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>De manera que en vez del beso furtivo, el conferencista deberá de</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>coquetear con nosotros, aventándonos una sandalia de conocimiento para comenzar la seduccion.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://20957184-17DA-475A-89D1-4FCFBBBF144E/image.tiff" alt="" width="607" height="409" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Acto seguido, el conferencista nos hará sentir relajados, como si estuvieramos compartiendo la más casual de las intimidades.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://46A3E1D7-85EF-427C-BE0C-6D3BB024F249/image.tiff" alt="" width="388" height="470" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Con el conferencista experto lograremos visitar los pasajes más recónditos de la historia del arte,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter" src="webkit-fake-url://772DC8AC-7766-4072-981F-EB0A2330329A/image.tiff" alt="" width="480" height="360" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Su voz habrá de capturar completamente nuestra atención al grado de sumirnos en un estado totemico de total concentración espiritual,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://28FF6417-24E5-4C12-9637-E866D7D347F4/image.tiff" alt="" width="461" height="546" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El fluir de sus conceptos, cual prodigioso río que crece, nos ayudará a romper con nuestros prejuicios históricos,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://A7A3DA23-10DF-4A50-89BA-7756BC210DDF/image.tiff" alt="" width="372" height="464" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Y el crescendo de su narrativa  habrá de culminar, como una sinfonia, llevandonos a un éxtasis extremo, una explosión de claridades de relaciones entre ideas.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://F9F521FC-BF26-45B1-AF06-FC80F04AD38F/image.tiff" alt="" width="532" height="657" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Sus palabras nos ayudarán a sentirnos para siempre transfigurados, como si hubiésemos pasado por un filtro de geometrías insospechadas,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://F192B76B-9CC6-427E-8B72-148EF72A4DDE/image.tiff" alt="" width="543" height="720" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>El abrazo intelectual del conferencista no es ya el furtivo, sino el sincero, el cálido abrazo del verdadero amor por la historia del arte y sus ideas, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://E7E2CD16-C76A-48AD-AA73-0EA85B1DCBA8/image.tiff" alt="" width="621" height="461" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>y al final de la conferencia, cuando el conferencista yace exhausto, podremos reflexionar sobre nuestra experiencia,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://1131B4B8-13D0-4ECC-A372-7CE938790B7B/image.tiff" alt="" width="475" height="363" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>y como si despertásemos de un sueño, comprenderemos que una conferencia no es sino eso, una conferencia, y que la complejidad del mundo aún está ahí para que nosotros la desmenuzemos en persona,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://B57A6871-6521-4DFD-889A-727377C47889/image.tiff" alt="" width="583" height="467" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>al final del dia estaremos todos en el escenario, nutridos de los otros, y sabremos guiarnos a traves de nuestras circunstancias historicas y personales, apropiándonos del drama del arte como el nuestro, sabiendo que un mundo sin arte es un mundo sin ambiguedad, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>La conferencia se convierte no ya en una hora de aire vacío, o un montón de palabras en un auditorio, sino en un lugar de la mente y del tiempo, donde se facilita una comunion de grupo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://06B3FE9F-4CAB-4E24-A613-AD77B7AAC7C5/image.tiff" alt="" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Donde aprenderemos a usar nuestros ojos intensamente, sedientamente, obsesivamente, hasta que nos duela mirar,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Que compartamos por el momento la impresion de que somos parte de un juego de salon, en una conversacion con personas que vivieron muchos años antes y que sin embargo hablan de las mismas cosas,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://8CA59AC4-2948-4510-BF68-C6FA13C77DBF/image.tiff" alt="" width="519" height="591" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Lo que el conferencista nos esta pidiendo que hagamos es que veamos por nosotros mismos. Mientras vemos a la obra y nos vemos a nosotros mismos, nos volvemos los actores, los modelos, y los narradores de la obra. Si en el mundo los roles siempre se alteran, por qué no en el arte? si al alterarlos descubrimos un poco más acerca de quienes somos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Wittgenstein dijo que de aquello de lo que no se puede hablar, mejor es callarse.<span> </span>Pero si solo sabemos que no sabemos nada, y si sabemos que en el arte la verdad pura no existe, entonces hablar entre nosotros sobre arte se vuelve un proceso liberador. Y seamos quien seamos, nuestras palabras nos ayudarán a invocar a la musa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://2D4156BF-9C61-42AE-9705-B19A41107930/image.tiff" alt="" width="574" height="828" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>aquella figura rara que debe de combinar conocimiento, ignorancia, teatro, magia,<span> </span>y sobre todo, sinceridad. Y sabemos que la hemos encontrado cuando e han invocado la fusion de las otras musas: la poesia heroica, la historia, la tragedia erotica, y la cancion sagrada. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img src="webkit-fake-url://85149390-4592-4D2B-8AF5-81EA6E69E595/image.tiff" alt="" width="200" height="300" /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span>Cierto, rara vez esta musa aparece, cada vez parece más extinta, a veces nos sentimos abandonados por ella, pero de vez en cuando, cuando al ver una obra nos entra un mensaje a la mente, cuando oimos un comentario y nos estremecemos levemente y nos inpiramos por algo que vimos u oimos, es entonces cuando sabemos que está ahí.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
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		<title>Theatrum Anatomicum (and Other Performance Lectures) (2009)</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/08/theatrum-anatomicum-and-other-performance-lectures-2009/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/08/theatrum-anatomicum-and-other-performance-lectures-2009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2009 16:19:24 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Anecdotary]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[ 

 

“Helguera knows the lecture form inside-out, in all its frailties and anachronisms, and he cares for it. But expect the Professor-Doctor of its terminal condition to be doing stand-up at the funeral.”
Dominic Willsdon, The Leanne and George Roberts Curator of Education and Public Programs, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
 
Published by Jorge Pinto Books, New [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> </p>
<div id="attachment_1025" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 285px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1025" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/anatomicumcover2.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1025" title="anatomicumcover2" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/anatomicumcover2-275x400.jpg" alt="book cover" width="275" height="400" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">book cover</p></div>
<p><!--StartFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><!--StartFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>“Helguera knows the lecture form inside-out, in all its frailties and anachronisms, and he cares for it. But expect the Professor-Doctor of its terminal condition to be doing stand-up at the funeral.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><em>Dominic Willsdon, The Leanne and George Roberts Curator of Education and Public Programs, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art</em></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.pintobooks.com/booksintransPabloHelguera.html">Published by Jorge Pinto Books, New York</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Trade paperback: 6” x 9”; ISBN: 978-1-934978-16-0; $19.95</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Launch date: September 2009</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Theatrum-Anatomicum-other-performance-lectures/dp/1934978167/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1250265940&amp;sr=8-2">Available at Amazon</a></span></p>
<p><!--EndFragment--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><em>Theatrum Anatomicum (and Other Performance Lectures)</em></span><span> brings together a number of<span>  </span>performance scripts that blend the dramatic elements of theater with the format of the academic presentation,<span>  </span>and bring into dialogue topics as disparate as the Latin American soap opera, the origins of the Kindergarten, the history of the Shakers, the US/Mexico war and the social dynamics of the art world.<span>  </span>In these series of experimental works, the voices of real and fictional characters come together in a critical exploration of history, politics, and art.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>BOOK EXCERPT</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">INTRODUCTION </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[...]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Over the last few years, the performance lecture has become a rather ubiquitous genre on the stages of highbrow museums and Brooklyn stand-up bars. Yet, as I realized while putting this collection of texts together, there is not a great deal of writing that discusses the nature and structure of the genre. This absence of a theoretical framework is somewhat liberating, because once something is theorized, it starts to get trapped in philosophical premises. But for this book I feel I have to define for myself, even if tentatively, what a performance lecture is—a task that has not yet been imposed upon me, despite the fact that I have doing such lectures since that evening in Chicago in 1993.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The easy definition of a performance lecture is that it is a live presentation imparted by an artist who takes advantage of his or her artistic license and of the conventions of academic pedagogy to create a work that straddles fiction and reality. Irony and sometimes satire are central to the event: those who attend a performance lecture generally expect an irreverent take on academicism—a trait that explains this genre’s natural connection to institutional critique. Like other hybrid art genres, its very name illustrates the awkward juxtaposition of two modes of speaking that never entirely blend, much as prose poetry draws on the qualities of two different modes of writing without being entirely one or the other. Yet beyond these few points, performance lectures don’t follow many rules, and like performance, the genre is in a constant process of self-definition, sometimes delving into stand-up comedy, poetic presentations, recitals, speeches, etc.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>My work in museum education, begun in 1992 and continuing to this day, has required me to reflect constantly on the relationship between performativity and pedagogy that is inherent to performance lectures. Because of my involvement with performance and theater, I gravitated toward the public-programs area of museums—an area that for many years has been in serious need of revitalization. The lecture format, a seemingly necessary medium of communication and a vital staple of academia, is constantly reviled and declared dead today, and for good reasons. Ever since the publication of <em>Donald A. Bligh’s What’s The Use of Lectures?</em></span><span> in 1971, there was been a general awareness of the limitations of this educational format and yet very little done to innovate on it. Through the work of Bligh and others, we have repeatedly received<span>  </span>prove that the lecture format is ineffective as a discussion method for promoting thought and that at best it is just as effective as other formats to transmit information, yet we continue to use this presentation formats that comes to us from the eighteenth century, a time when pedagogy consisted entirely of exposition and memorization.<span>  </span>The limitations of this method become clearest with the practice of a “read paper”—usually consisting of a poorly delivered, hard-to-assimilate piece of writing that is best read at home by oneself. Academics who attend art conferences deride even their own presentations as boring and excessively long but continue to perpetuate these archaic models. However, I believe that this<span>  </span>exasperation toward the traditional lecture format has finally reached the inner depths of the academic world, and in blogs and magazines, the lecture as we know it has been declared dead. A new type of lecture, the metalecture or lecture 2.0, must take its place.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>In my role as programmer, I have frequently been frustrated by the low or nonexistent public-speaking skills of those who lecture and participate in academic discussions. While featured speakers usually have something relevant to say (which is what prompts an invitation to speak), very few of them are skilled public speakers or comfortable in a public forum, which translates into stiffness and social awkwardness, insincerity, and a general reluctance to open up toward an audience. Because most lectures are based on a written text, their unfolding is slow and their language excessively formal and heavy for a live reading. Wouldn’t it be great, I thought, if panels were like theater works, where drama has its hand in conveying the message? I thought, why aren’t there be dramaturges for art lecturers?—and I set out to become one. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Starting in about 1998 I started scripting stand-alone performance lectures. This eventually led to the incorporation of actors in symposia and panel discussions, which I first attempted in 2003 in collaboration with artist Ilana Boltvinik with<em> The</em></span><span> <em>Congress of Urban Purification </em></span><span>in Mexico City, and then again in 2004 at <em>The First Imaginary Forum of Mental Sculpture </em></span><span>at the Sculpture Center in Long Island City, Queens—both texts are included in this book. Not revealing the fact that actors were “interpreting” the papers and debates was key to maintaining the audience’s engagement without triggering the dismissal of the piece as yet another performance work. <em>We All Are Streeter</em></span><span> (2006), also included here, employed a similar theatrical strategy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><br />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Another trait of the traditional lecture format that interests me is the narrowness of thematic focus that often results from the demands of scholarship. While extremely specialized topics are the logical result of academic-type research, their presentation in the shape of a lecture before a general audience can be alienating and, even if comprehensible, it leaves the general spectator questioning the larger relevance of the subject at hand. This issue becomes more and more aggravated because while the lecture remains set in its traditional presentation style, twenty-first-century auditoriums are filled with a new generation of viewers whose brains are wired for multichannel experiences and are capable of processing and making sense of the daily deluge of information that technology now provides. Symposia and panel discussions are better opportunities for comparing perspectives on a given subject, but the patience and focus needed to sit through, say, a six-hour symposium, can only be mastered by diehards, in the same way that only an opera aficionado would sit through the entire <em>Götterdämmerung</em></span><span>. The slowness of the traditional academic lecture became even more apparent as the Internet and the digital revolution took hold. In this era of pingbacks and multichannel viewing and processing, it is normal that the most animated discussions take place online instead of in actual physical spaces. This was the motivation for works like <em>Theatrum Anatomicum</em></span><span> (P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center, New York, 2002) where I experimented with multichannel, “dueling” lectures about topics that were at first sight completely unrelated (such as twentieth-century Mexican <em>telenovelas </em></span><span>and seventeenth-century Dutch anatomical theaters) in order to shed light on both subjects and onto a larger umbrella topic. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>[...]</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Included texts in this anthology:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Theatrum Anatomicum (or How to Dissect a Melodrama) (2002)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>First Mexico City Congress of Urban Purification (2003)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Parallel Lives (2003)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>First Imaginary Forum of Mental Sculpture (2004)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The Foreign Legion (2005)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>We All Are Streeter (2006)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Manifest Destiny (2008-09)</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p><!--EndFragment--></p>
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		<title>Lyra Kilston- This is Not a Panel Discussion (2009)</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/07/lyra-kilston-this-is-not-a-panel-discussion-2009/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2009/07/lyra-kilston-this-is-not-a-panel-discussion-2009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 25 Jul 2009 13:47:52 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[This is Not a Panel Discussion: Pablo Helguera&#8217;s Pedagogical Follies
Lyra Kilston
Afterall magazine
11th July 2009 
I recently witnessed the following exchange at a panel discussion on the life and work of the artist Juvenal Merst. The dialogue was between two curators: Sonja Stillman, a discreetly dressed, intellectual woman in her late 40s, and the panel&#8217;s moderator, Clifford [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="onlinetext"><strong><strong>This is Not a Panel Discussion: Pablo Helguera&#8217;s Pedagogical Follies</strong></strong><br />
Lyra Kilston</div>
<div class="onlinetext">Afterall magazine<br />
11th July 2009 </p>
<p>I recently witnessed the following exchange at a panel discussion on the life and work of the artist Juvenal Merst. The dialogue was between two curators: Sonja Stillman, a discreetly dressed, intellectual woman in her late 40s, and the panel&#8217;s moderator, Clifford Barnes, a slick and fashionable man in his early 40s. After a long-winded disagreement about Merst, their dialogue devolved into this:</p>
<p><strong>Barnes</strong>: I don&#8217;t define what art is, I just show it as it is.</p>
<p><strong>Stillman</strong>: I won&#8217;t even bring up your current associations with commercial galleries, which I see as a huge conflict of interest as a curator. What good is professional honesty as a curator if your commitment has been to treat art as an unthreatening, uncritical product, as a happy and pleasurable and entertaining thing to the market?</p>
<p><strong>Barnes</strong>: Why should I apologize if the artists I work with are successful? That&#8217;s ludicrous. You, in contrast, treat artists as game pieces of bogus curatorial hypotheses that try to be a soothing balm to our social problems. Not only does it not work as exhibition premise – it is also bad art.</p>
<p><strong>Stillman</strong>: It&#8217;s bad art for those, like you, who do not wish to think of the world at large.</p>
<p><strong>Barnes</strong>: It&#8217;s bad for everyone beyond your tiny circle of friends at Bard.</p>
<p><strong>Stillman</strong>: I&#8217;m sorry – I can&#8217;t do this anymore. [She stands up and starts to walk away from the panel.][1]</p>
<p>While a tad more vicious than the subdued tones of most panel discussions, its contrapositions are timeless. Yet the whole thing is fiction, and in fact farce. The above lines were performed for a rehearsal I attended of <em>The Juvenal Players</em>, a new play by New York-based artist Pablo Helguera that premiered at Grand Arts in Kansas City, Missouri, on June 13, 2009. The play presents a public discussion between a cast of art world archetypes – curators, a collector, a thwarted artist and an arts administrator – as they meet to discuss the life and work of the artist Juvenal Merst, a character that Helguera named after the early second century Roman poet Juvenal, who is credited with developing the nascent genre of satire.</p>
<p>The play&#8217;s premise is that Merst&#8217;s last artwork before his untimely death was to request that these particular people gather to discuss his life and work seven years later. As Clifford Barnes relays, Merst had specified the following in writing: &#8220;I want you to be at that moment where the memory of me has started to vanish, but not too much, with the purpose that you may still retain the most important aspects of those memories and have eliminated by now the incidental and unimportant details. You all will be the players of my own life, the narrators of my story, and to you I trust and I wish I was there to see my life be told.&#8221;[2]</p>
<p>What ensues is a <em>Rashomon</em>-style comedy of errors, in which each character is at odds with the others about who Merst really was. This is further complicated by the fact that Helguera wrote Merst as a classic conceptual trickster, and during the discussion doubts are raised as to what Merst actually made and said versus what was secretly a spoof. We are even led to wonder if Merst was simply playing the <em>role</em> of the artist as orchestrated by someone else, calling to mind the hoaxes of Andy Warhol and Maurizio Cattelan, both of whom would occasionally send other people to impersonate them at lectures.[3] In Helguera&#8217;s play, it soon becomes clear that Merst&#8217;s mischievous projects employed art world players as pieces in a chess game, and their willingness to occupy those positions is underscored by their obedient presence, seven years later, at a public discussion about him.</p>
<p><em>The Juvenal Players</em> is the second theatrical panel discussion that Helguera has written and produced, but only one of his many projects that mock pedagogical conventions and art world posturing. Over the past two decades of his artistic career, Helguera has made collages, drawings and videos; written books (fiction and nonfiction); created installations; conducted tarot readings (he revealed my past to be very solid, but predicted that my future held some disaster); and performed in a variety of guises, from opera singer to mustachioed art world gadfly. Concurrently, he has worked in the education departments of major museums in the United States and Mexico, and is presently Director of Adult and Academic Programs at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Few artists have spent more time witnessing the performance of art historical expertise than Helguera. He has organized and attended over 1,000 lectures, panels and events, and must daily grapple with the vectors of communication and pedagogy between an authoritative institution and its thirsting public. His day jobs have become the material from which many of his artworks stem. As he notes in the introduction to his collection of published performance texts (<em>Theatricum Anatomicum (and other performance lectures)</em>, 2009), &#8220;In my role as a programmer, I have frequently been frustrated by the low or nonexistent public-speaking skills of those who lecture and participate in academic discussions…. Wouldn&#8217;t it be great if panels were like theater works, where drama has its hand in conveying the message? I thought, why aren&#8217;t there dramaturges for art lecturers? And I set out to become one.&#8221;[4]</p>
<p>Translating stilted art discourse into theater opens a rich vein of satire that Helguera deftly exploits. There&#8217;s a scene in <em>The Juvenal Players</em> where the panel discusses Merst&#8217;s first work, a film titled both <em>Work Number 1</em> and <em>Artmaking</em>. Each participant interprets the piece differently. Due to technical difficulties the film is unable to be screened (a detail of sharp veracity), so the panelists must describe the work, arguing for a range of references from Antonioni to 1960s social uprisings to Minimalism to Robert Irwin. One participant even claims that the piece operates to &#8220;foretell the realities of the post-9/11 world.&#8221; Yet, after the panel members finish arguing about what the film meant, some resign themselves to admitting that they never really understood or liked it anyway.</p>
<p>The enigma of Merst and his work is the perfect foil for revealing the power struggles at play in constructing the narrative of art, or any, history. With Merst, Helguera is able to set up the follies inherent in panel discussions with particular complexity, since Merst&#8217;s antics often ended up complicating or transgressing the hierarchies of the art world and thus the very roles played by the panelists. For example, for one project Merst allegedly hired a detective to shadow a prominent collector, and thereby publicly exposed the collector&#8217;s adultery. Great scandal, which the panelists continue to squabble about, ensued.</p>
<p>Several artists come to mind as possible source material for the character of Merst, who appears to be a clever mash-up of some of the more notorious cultural producers of our day. Andrea Fraser&#8217;s <em>Untitled</em> (2003), for which she accepted money in exchange for having sex with a collector, is a close analog in its blunt distillation of the artist-collector relationship; her project ultimately investigates the control of power and privilege in the art world. Christoph Büchel&#8217;s recent hijinks at Mass MOCA could be seen as the blueprint of an artist&#8217;s insistence on biting the hand that feeds him – and receiving critical acclaim for it.[5] Damien Hirst offers more possible fodder for Merst&#8217;s genesis, as his career is yet another illustration of the art world&#8217;s adoration of bad boy tricksters. Some critics claim that Hirst&#8217;s overexposed oeuvre employs the art world&#8217;s permissiveness and excesses<em>as</em> material. Hirst has admitted: &#8220;I just wanted to find out where the boundaries were. I&#8217;ve found out there aren&#8217;t any. I wanted to be stopped but no one will stop me.&#8221;[6] His well-circulated quote speaks less to the thrilling boundlessness of contemporary art production and far more ominously to the reality that there is simply no one around who dares protest. This condition implicates the brokers of discourse and commerce around Hirst (and similarly, Merst) far more than it implicates the artist himself, and as such offers the perfect catalyst for Helguera&#8217;s pointed critiques.</p>
<p>In the book <em>Prospects of Power</em>, literary critic John Snyder writes, &#8220;Satire, it would appear, thrives either when there is little credence in public standards of morality and taste … or when morality and taste attenuate to superficial, arbitrarily strict codes of decorum….&#8221;[7] The first clause corresponds neatly to Hirst&#8217;s lament that &#8220;no one will stop me,&#8221; and the second to Helguera&#8217;s manual of etiquette. An amusing corollary to his pedagogical performances, Helguera wrote and published <em>The Pablo Helguera Manual of Contemporary Art Style: The Essential Guide for Artists, Curators, and Critics</em> in 2005, just as the seemingly endless proliferation of global art fairs and biennials had reached its apex. The book sought to offer art world players their own combination of Emily Post etiquette with Machiavellian strategy, replete with chess piece graphics (lest one forget that there are most definitely winners and losers). One memorable section offers a play-by-play guide for a gallery opening, capped by a breakdown of totem pole hierarchies to diagram who you should talk to first, who you should avoid or ignore, and what to say if you are trying to get a studio visit or remind a collector of your existence. Other chapters answer the big questions, including, &#8220;Should one sleep with an artist whose work one does not like?&#8221; and &#8220;What do you say to a good friend who is exhibiting horrid works at his opening?&#8221;</p>
<p>As Juvenal wrote circa the late first century/early second century AD, &#8220;It&#8217;s hard<em>not</em> to write satire. For who could be so inured to the wicked city, so dead to feeling, as to keep his temper…?&#8221;[8] These words ring as true today, and his astute observations of class hierarchies in Rome (one section of his writings focuses on the inferior types of seafood served to members of the lower classes at a formal dinner) resonate keenly with Helguera&#8217;s observations of art world conventions. Today&#8217;s VIP rooms at art fairs or the sequenced opening nights of biennials (from most exclusive on Tuesday to mere hoi polloi by Friday) are two pertinent examples; the best people are still served the best alcohol. The panelists in <em>The Juvenal Players</em> may be actors, but ultimately Helguera&#8217;s latest effort pulls back the curtain with a theatrical flourish to reveal our own collusion – through vocabulary, sartorial choice, gesticulation or egotistical promotion of our hard-earned roles – with the chain of command.</div>
<p><img src="http://www.afterall.org/dimage/5adef706-bfb9-102c-bbf0-000f1f67beb1/600/400/GA_Pablo_0630.jpg.jpeg" border="0" alt="" /></p>
<div class="onlinetext">Notes </p>
<p>1 From the script of <em>The Juvenal Players</em> by Pablo Helguera, 2009.<br />
2 Ibid.<br />
3 See George Pendle&#8217;s article “How Unlike You” in <em>Modern Painters</em>, January 2009, p. 69.<br />
4 Pablo Helguera, <em>Theatricum Anatomicum (and other performance lectures) </em>. New York: Jorge Pinto Books, 2009: p. xiii.<br />
5 Büchel&#8217;s demands for an astronomical budget resulted in the museum halting his installation and opening it unfinished to the public against his will, which led to a legal battle. He later framed and exhibited the furious emails between himself and the director of Mass MOCA at Art Basel Miami in 2007, causing some to speculate that the entire undertaking was planned by the artist as a way to limn the boundaries and limits of exchange between artist and institution.<br />
6 <a href="http://www.artquotes.net/masters/hirst/damien-hirst-quotes.htm">http://www.artquotes.net/masters/hirst/damien-hirst-quotes.htm</a> (last accessed July 9, 2009).<br />
7 John Snyder, <em>Prospects of Power: Tragedy, Satire, the Essay, and the Theory of Genre</em>. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1991: p. 100.<br />
8 Juvenal, <em>The Satires</em>. Translated by Niall Rudd. Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 4.</p>
<p>Images</p>
<p>1 Pablo Helguera, <em>The Juvenal Players</em>, Grand Arts, 2009. Pictured: Clifford Barnes and Sonja Stillman.<br />
2 Pablo Helguera, <em>The Juvenal Players</em>, Grand Arts, 2009. Pictured: Elmer Schafroth, Rosaura Valparaiso, Clifford Barnes, Sonja Stillman and Miranda Sak.<br />
3 Pablo Helguera, <em>The Juvenal Players</em>, Grand Arts, 2009. Pictured: Sonja Stillman and Miranda Sak.</div>
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		<title>The Seven Bridges of Königsberg</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2008/10/the-seven-bridges-of-konigsberg/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2008/10/the-seven-bridges-of-konigsberg/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Oct 2008 09:24:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Anecdotary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Installation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Performance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Language]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Memory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Occult]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sociology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Transpedagogy]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a card reading system. 49 memory images hang on the walls of a room. Visitors are invited to choose seven cards with representations of those 49 images and engage in a dialougue regarding about themselves and their present state of mind. No single selection brings the same interpretation, and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a card reading system. 49 memory images hang on the walls of a room. Visitors are invited to choose seven cards with representations of those 49 images and engage in a dialougue regarding about themselves and their present state of mind. No single selection brings the same interpretation, and the system can be used to answer questions and formulate answers, whether of a personal or general nature. This project brings together mechanisms and fields such as narratology, the art of memory, hermeneutics, topology, divination, and symbolic systems of order and chance. The title of the project is taken after a famous mathematical problem from the XVIIIth century that became the foundation of modern graph theory. Using the city of Königsberg as an example, the problem asks to find a walk through the city that would cross each one of its seven bridges only once.</p>
<p>The Seven Bridges of Königsberg was presented in October 2008 in downtown Manhattan as the inaugural exhibition of the alternative space Forever &amp; Today. For a month, the gallery was turned into a card-reading parlor into which street visitors would enter and pay for a card reading.</p>
<p>Visitors were given a text that described the process of the reading of the cards and the history of the problem of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg.  (see below)</p>

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<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><strong>The Seven Bridges of Königsberg</strong></p>
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
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<p><em><strong>(An Accompanying Text That Does Not Explain Anything)</strong></em></p>
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<p><strong>NYC</strong></p>
<p><strong>2008</strong></p>
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<p>Throughout his eighty years of life, Immanuel Kant never traveled beyond the outskirts of his native Königsberg. His absence of travel experience, which even in his time and for a person of his stature were unusual, and yet for the philosopher this was most decidedly not a reflection of a sedentary spirit. It certainly was never apparent to his students, who usually were impressed by his detailed descriptions of European cities and his erudite knowledge of world affairs.  We are also told by De Quincey and Wasianski that Kant also was a constant stroller, and had such a rigorous and precise walking schedule after dinner that his neighbors would adjust their clocks when the philosopher passed by.</p>
<p>Kant placed great importance to periods of silence and reflection. During his entire adult life, and particularly during a period known as his “silent decade” when he wrote <em>The Critique of Pure Reason</em>, the philosopher would spend his evening strolls reflecting upon what he had read earlier in the day. When Kant would return home, he would sit in his study and spend some time reading, and continue his reflections while looking out the window looking at the old tower of Lobenicht.</p>
<p>Kant’s walking path is not described by his biographers, but in late XVIIIth Century Königsberg it would have been hard not to include its various bridges, which join two islands and each other with the mainland. It would also be hard not to imagine that Herr Kant, while crossing them, would not have thought more than once about the famous problem of The Seven Bridges of Königsberg. The problem was to prove on whether it is possible to follow a path that crosses each bridge exactly once and return to the starting point. The solution to the problem was provided during Kant’s youth by the Swiss scientist Leonhard Euler, the preeminent mathematician of the Eighteenth century. Euler, who introduced much of the terminology of modern Mathematics and Physics, proved in 1736 that it was impossible to cross the seven bridges of Königsberg in a continuous path only once. He reformulated the problem in abstract terms, creating a graph that eliminated all features of the problem except the list of landmasses and the bridges connecting them. Next he observed that during any walk in the graph, the number times one enters a non-terminal vertex (or bridge) equals the number of times one leaves it. Since (in this case) at most two landmasses can serve as the endpoints of a putative walk, the existence of a walk traversing each bridge once leads to a contradiction.</p>
<p>Euler’s solution to The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is generally considered as a foundational theorem that led to the birth of Topology and Graph Theory, which is in turn the guiding principle of modern computation. Euler’s thought, in a larger sense, was influential in Kant as he developed a philosophy that countered skeptical empiricism and used logic to arrive to an absolute moral and spiritual laws.</p>
<p>Königsberg suffered three stages of destruction. The first stage took place in 1944, when the British Royal Air Force raided the city. The second stage was an assault of the Soviet Army in April 1945.  In 1946 the city was ceded to the Soviet Union and its name was changed to Kaliningrad under the Postdam Agreement. The third period of destruction lasted from 1945 until the 1980s. The ideological task of that period, set by the Soviet government, was the construction of a new Russian city. This task presupposed the deliberate extermination of everything reminiscent of the German/Prussian past. Traits of the old Königsberg recognizable in its ruins ought to have been erased. Blocks of buildings as Kneiphof and Altstadt, the northern part of Vorstadt and southern Lobenicht were demolished almost completely.</p>
<p>The present card system functions around the principle of establishing a topology of the present by laying the foundations of the past, in the form of four figurative “landmasses” that become the primary set of four cards: The Present, the Final Outcome, The Past, and The Unresolved Past. Further, and establishing an Eulerian Circuit of sorts, seven cards are set, as bridges onto the primary cards to establish the interconnections between causes and effects.</p>
<p>THE LAYING OF THE CARDS</p>
<p>The cards are to be laid out following the original structure of the city of Konigsberg.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1562" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cards1.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1562" title="cards1" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cards1-700x700.jpg" alt="" width="490" height="490" /></a></p>
<p>The first four cards are laid out in a cross format. Each corresponds to a landmass, or, in the symbolism of the cards, to yourself in the present situation faced with the past, the final outcome, and the unresolved past.</p>
<p>Each one of the seven cards that will bridge these four components will be laid down.</p>
<p>The first card to be laid is the one bridging Yourself to the Past.  This card helps establish the way in which the past influences your present situation, and the way in which it becomes a positive or detrimental factor in influencing the present situation.</p>
<p>The second card to be laid is the one bridging The Past with The Unresolved Past. This second card helps establish the way in which that which is unresolved came about, and what are the origins of this issue that has not yet been addressed.</p>
<p>The fourth card to be laid bridges The Past with the Third Bridge.  This is the second most significant card, as it connects the lower half of your life and your situation, summarizing the nature of the question, the issues of the past, and its relationship to the present.</p>
<p>The fifth card to be laid is the one bridging The Unresolved Past to Yourself. This card helps clarify the situation or reason by which that which remains unresolved may become or is currently an issue to be considered in the present situation. Often this card helps reveal the presence of a person who is important in this situation.</p>
<p>The third card to be laid is the one bridging The Unresolved Past with the Final Outcome. It is the first bridging card that connects to the future, and the one that may lay the foundation to understand in which sense the way in which previous events may link to what is to come.</p>
<p>The sixth card to be laid is the one bridging Yourself in the Present Situation with The Final Outcome.</p>
<p>The seventh and last card is the one bridging the third bridging card with the Final Outcome, providing the last statement of the system.</p>
<p><a rel="attachment wp-att-1563" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cards2.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1563" title="cards2" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/cards2-700x742.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="742" /></a></p>
<p>CARD NOMENCLATURE</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Lighthouse</li>
</ol>
<p>This card relates to being a spectator or witness of an event. It connects with the ability to see from far away, perhaps see the future with clarity. The private becomes public. It is a card of revelation. Someone or something that is guiding us. Looking for the comfortable home, comfort food.</p>
<ol>
<li>Cat’s      Cradle</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card of childhood games. Old lessons that we learned in school. This card is often connected to family problems, and also to how we are attracted to those problems as adults. This card represents competitiveness, our place in the ambiguity of being dependent or being independent.</p>
<ol>
<li>Pillory</li>
</ol>
<p>A problem that we don’t seem to be able to solve by ourselves. An embarrassing situation that is made public in front of others. Issues that apparently are simple to others but not to ourselves. Lack of confidence, a labyrinth without a labyrinth, a complex situation that we are not even able to describe or articulate.</p>
<ol>
<li>Temple</li>
</ol>
<p>This card represents our inner sanctuary, our personal memory: the places (periods of time or physical spaces) that are important to us. Damage that has been done to us, to someone or to something that in a way has also been comforting or has brought positive things (the good that has been brought by something bad).</p>
<ol>
<li>Consent</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the connecting card of this deck. It stands for the outer layer of everything. It also stands for veiled vanity: our inability to see makes us very comfortable.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Windmill</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for the construction of imaginary places. It is the card of the idealists, and stands for the construction of dreams.</p>
<ol>
<li>Marienbad</li>
</ol>
<p>Déjà vu, that which is repeated. This card stands for the presence of something or someone in our lives but we are not certain that it is there. We think we are being observed, and we feel we are in an unfamiliar place, but at the same time the sense of unfamiliarity is oddly familiar.</p>
<ol>
<li>Holiday.</li>
</ol>
<p>Looking inside to what nourishes us. Those remote places of comfort, those places where we feel very comfortable, places of escape while we know there is war going on elsewhere cow’s milk and all those domestic commodities.  A possible danger that is hovering over ourselves. Oblivion. It is a card of denial.</p>
<ol>
<li>Actor</li>
</ol>
<p>There is something that we can’t detect. Don’t lose your face in spite your nose. Follow your instincts. There may be a storm coming up soon and you may not realize it at this moment.</p>
<ol>
<li>Station</li>
</ol>
<p>The light at the end of the tunnel. The end of a sickness. Exchange. Coming out from dark to light. This is a transitional card.</p>
<p>Generally, something very difficult or very bad is ending. But you could also be imagining that things are improving. Slow game.</p>
<ol>
<li>Martir</li>
</ol>
<p>We never know the mechanisms of history. Enigmas that are hard to decipher. There is a story behind of which we will never know the true details. This is the card for the conspiracy theorists. It is the card of the absurd decisions and the message that there are decisions that you can never back track from.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Tomb of the Algonquians</li>
</ol>
<p>Exploring an unknown place. This is the time to analyze your own past, to talk to the elders, or to whoever is the person that has the institutional memory, because there it is where you will find the clues. This is the place where some things are incredibly ephemeral and other stay forever, like death. This is the card of the in between place between the cradle and the mausoleum, between complete ignorance and total knowledge, the card that tells you that both are so close to each other that it is easy to miss them.</p>
<ol>
<li>Nursery</li>
</ol>
<p>A place where things originate. But it is an artificial place, and it is a card for those who feel vulnerable.  Things are growing but could die very easily. It is possible to make things flourish if one knows how to nurture them, but one has to be careful and caring. It means that one has the ability to make things work, but that this ability does not come in a spontaneous manner. It is the card of the good student, but not for the ones who are naturally talented.</p>
<ol>
<li>Extinction.</li>
</ol>
<p>Something that is quickly going away or has already left. This is the card that, more than the others, establishes the sense of passing of things. But like in sunsets or breaks of dawn, there is something revelatory in that moment, whether it is a good or bad moment. We will learn a lot of things about ourselves by fleeting things.</p>
<ol>
<li>River-bed</li>
</ol>
<p>This card stands for the denouement of events. Something is going to finish, and that which was not very clear will now be clear in all its mechanisms. It will not finish with a whimper, but with a bang. It is not a positive card, and may describe a situation that has reached a critical point.</p>
<ol>
<li>Music      Room</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a card that stands for all that we were taught. It also stands for sensibility and the transformation of something into art. It connects to the memory that music provides, and how it transports us to another time. That which contains time and memory, could be an object or could be a person. Melodic geography, how a place is constructed individually. This is the card for the talented and for the studious. Something is boring, and there is arduous work behind what you are trying to do.</p>
<ol>
<li>Cicada</li>
</ol>
<p>A card relating to a scene or a place where something unresolved happened. The underground again, things we cannot see. A ritual, a periodic occurrence that we may or may not be aware about, but that is connected with our own rhythms. The card points to secret rituals and to the fact that nature is always wiser than us. Things continue whether we are here or not in the world. This is the card for those in need for structure in their lives, and for the selfish- things are larger than what you think they are.</p>
<ol>
<li>Turnstile</li>
</ol>
<p>A card about the notion of rebound and walking in circles. Other people are making you go where you don’t want to go or where you have been already. You are in a vicious cycle. You are in love, or playing a pointless or dangerous game, and in any case you are a little lost, so it is time to reassess your values and your objectives.</p>
<ol>
<li>Battle      Horse</li>
</ol>
<p>A card that relates to the notion of figurative blindness.  This is the card for those who think are experts but have a hard time questioning themselves. You have a particular talent or knowledge that you know how to exploit, but that also makes you weak or limits you because you cannot look for any other areas of value in your life. It does become a shield, a protective cocoon.</p>
<ol>
<li>Beehive</li>
</ol>
<p>A card that points to being driven by something deceptive or something that may prove to be costly. This is also a card for mirages, for the sense of having been illuminated, but instead having been deceived.</p>
<ol>
<li>Umbrella</li>
</ol>
<p>This card often points to something has come up that in other circumstances would have been very useful, but not now. This is the card for those with bad timing and who feel to be in a lonely situation. However, it is a card that speaks to those in a challenging situation but that have the abilities and the energy to overcome it. It is a card for those undergoing a dry spell and feeling that there is no real escape for the ordeal they are going through.</p>
<ol>
<li>Chameleon</li>
</ol>
<p>Depending on the position of this card, it is about someone’s transformation or the transformation of a situation.  It is a card for those who are in flux, and who are highly adaptable to change. It indicates a situation that is highly volatile, where it is equally possible that you may win or lose to a great degree. Normally people cannot appreciate your great adaptability, but that is because you are able to become invisible. It is a card for those who are able to blend in and can respond to their surroundings without being emotionally affected, who stay above the fray but at the same time are able to fit in.</p>
<p>Never seen species.</p>
<ol>
<li>Concorde</li>
</ol>
<p>Something finally has worked out or will be working out, but also this card is about the deals that lead nowhere. You may have made a business decision that has not or will not work out. Be careful about where you go.</p>
<ol>
<li>Dinosaur</li>
</ol>
<p>The card signals the end of something. Something hasn’t been explained, and events have taken place quite quickly, but still the main reason is very evident. There is someone behind this, and likely someone you know.</p>
<ol>
<li>Bell</li>
</ol>
<p>An event or series of events that are coordinated. This is a card for harmony and for announcing positive events, such as a wedding. You may have something positive with you but perhaps you are not announcing it properly to the rest of the world.</p>
<ol>
<li>Swimmer</li>
</ol>
<p>The swimmer is a character that perfects his abilities, but only to do one single thing.</p>
<p>This is the card for expertise, and for experts. The swimmer knows his objective, but at the same time suffers from lack of perspective and has a hard time looking at the big picture. This is a card for independent people.</p>
<ol>
<li>Pendulum</li>
</ol>
<p>Something needs to be measured. You are the measurement of the situation. You are the person whom others depend for their help and expertise, but you feel lost, and sometimes you don’t know who to trust. First children and only children correspond to this card.  You are an empiricist, someone who will only try things for oneself.</p>
<ol>
<li>Well</li>
</ol>
<p>Something is hidden within you or within a place that matters to you, and it is your duty to look for it and take it out in order to solve your problems. This is the card that calls for introspection.</p>
<ol>
<li>Balloon</li>
</ol>
<p>“Happiness lies high for us- it is the ultimate goal for man according to Aristotle. It lies high but sometimes like a balloon it descends upon us and we can reach it.” This is the card of the eccentrics and the adventurers, who often engage in wild goose chases and are very self absorbed.</p>
<ol>
<li>Home.</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for returns, the card that indicates that it is time to go back to where we came from, for whatever reason. It also indicates the completion of a journey, which usually seems to be the longest section of any trip. At this point we are naked, fragile, and in need of our families and the others.</p>
<ol>
<li>Witch-hunt</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for stupidity and ignorance, for rumors and hearsays, of superstition and isolation. It stands for all the things that you were told were true and for all the defects of your education and the place that educated you.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Man with the Iron Mask</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for outer shells, for the protective layers that we wear in order to escape or deny a certain reality.  The layers give us confidence, but they may also turn us into a monster. It may relate to a condition that we simply can’t control and we have to learn to live with.</p>
<ol>
<li>Explorer</li>
</ol>
<p>An unexpected situation has brought new insights. We have been forced to see something, he value of something or the bad aspects of something.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Twin Kings</li>
</ol>
<p>This is an ambivalent card: it may stand for two simultaneous strengths but also for a dilemma that we are having in our life. We have to choose and we don’t know which one is going to prevail.</p>
<ol>
<li>Threshold</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for all those who want to be on the other side or who want to be someone else. There is always something inaccessible to us, and we define ourselves in terms of how much we want to obtain that which is inaccessible to us.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Lover</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card for the Platonists, those who think that love and art can coexist, that it is possible to find pure goodness. It is also the card that indicates mortality and points to the end of times, or to the fact that something has or must come to an end.</p>
<ol>
<li>The      Electric Storm</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card of the external forces, which becomes particularly significant when it appears in the context of a bridge to the past. It signals those events or circumstances beyond our control that greatly influence our decisions and our current situation.</p>
<ol>
<li>Dream      Fairy</li>
</ol>
<p>Depending on the context, this card points to escapism and contradiction on the one hand, or the ability to think large and retain a positive outlook of the situation on the other. It stands for the ideals that we seek to accomplish.</p>
<ol>
<li>Lion      in Winter</li>
</ol>
<p>The end of the game, and the wisdom that comes with it, is often the significance of this card. It is a card that points to our inner strengths gained by experience, and our ability to see the world better thanks to it.</p>
<ol>
<li>Deus      Ex Machina</li>
</ol>
<p>This card, like #37, often represents someone’s community —whether family, friends, nation, etc. — and the way its history is playing a part in the question being asked.</p>
<ol>
<li>Squirrel</li>
</ol>
<p>This card stands for an action that is currently being made, a project that is being followed-through. It often indicates the need to change the means to an end, and to indicate the importance of foresight.</p>
<ol>
<li>Morning</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a highly psychological card. It often points to the need of exploring one’s childhood obsessions, or revisiting the early circumstances of the issue at hand. On other contexts, the card is about comfort and leisure.</p>
<ol>
<li>Martir</li>
</ol>
<p>This card brings forth that which has been sacrificed in order to obtain a particular benefit, some of which may be of a personal nature. It also points to a misleading incentive, or a false purpose for something that is being made. However, this card also establishes fortitude and determination.</p>
<ol>
<li>Keys</li>
</ol>
<p>This is an important card of the deck. It points to a gravitating force of a particular situation and often reveals the point where the answer to a problem lies. It presents the notion that the answers to a problem lie in the very nature of a particular place or person.  It is a revelatory card of travel and new encounters.</p>
<ol>
<li>Vulture</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a powerful card of warning and insight. Paired with The Lover and The Lion in Winter, also points to the end of a situation, to infinite insight, but also to our need to seek protection from something that may threaten us— the loss of a job, the loss of a friend, and other circumstances that may not benefit us.</p>
<ol>
<li>Experiment</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a card that strongly relates us to our dependence to the others and the tension between the way in which we are being seen and the others see us. The questioner in this case should reflect about this tension and the conflicts within it.</p>
<ol>
<li>Venus</li>
</ol>
<p>This is the card of fulfillment and desire.  Depending on the context, it may be pointing to a need to acknowledge the way in which an unconscious desire we have may be driving our actions, or perhaps how a selfish act influenced a situation. In some instances the card is about an unresolved relationship.</p>
<ol>
<li>Turtle</li>
</ol>
<p>This card is about gaining perspective of a particularly confusing situation that is taking place at the time. Things may look extremely difficult or confusing at the time, and this card calls for taking the high road pointing that there is always a means to resolve a problem. It is a reassuring card.</p>
<ol>
<li>Last      Act</li>
</ol>
<p>A particular situation has arrived to its ultimate consequences.  This card is often related to conversations, speeches, arguments and debates that may have influenced us in some way as well as the situation we are inquiring about. It warns us about the way in which what actually happened is not how it will be remembered and establishes the distance between an event and the memory of it.</p>
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		<title>Historias de un Instituto (2008)</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2008 15:06:31 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[
Text for Vice magazine about the Instituto de la Telenovela, also published in the Utne Reader in the fall of 2008 
Pablo Helguera
El Instituto de la Telenovela: en pos del melodrama global
  
En el verano de 1992, después de la caída de la Unión Soviética, la televisión estatal se encontraba en profunda transición; era necesario encontrar una [...]]]></description>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Text for Vice magazine about the Instituto de la Telenovela, also published in the Utne Reader in the fall of 2008 </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Pablo Helguera</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"><strong>El Instituto de la Telenovela: en pos del melodrama global</strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">  </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">En el verano de 1992, después de la caída de la Unión Soviética, la televisión estatal se encontraba en profunda transición; era necesario encontrar una manera eficiente y económica de llenar los espacios televisivos que antes habían sido ocupados por programación oficial. Fue así como un productor del canal ruso Commonwealth Channel Ostankino decidió contratar los derechos de transmisión de <em>Los Ricos También Lloran</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">, una telenovela realizada a finales de los años setenta en México. La telenovela, en la que estelarizaban Verónica Castro y Rogelio Guerra, sigue el estereotipo narrativo clásico de los melodramas mexicanos de esa década: la protagonista es una mujer de clase baja enamorada del hijo de un millonario. Es un romance imposible dadas las distancias sociales – y raciales— que los separan. Y sin embargo, después de 249 episodios, los personajes sobrellevan esta y otras vicisitudes para finalmente unirse en matrimonio.</span></p>
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<p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">La telenovela fue lanzada al aire con el título de <em>Bogaty Toszhe Plachut</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">,<span>  </span>con un doblaje de bajo costo, en el que las voces originales de los actores se escuchan aún yuxtapuestas con las voces de los traductores rusos. Los productores de Ostakino imaginaron que la telenovela podría resultar popular; pero nunca habrían podido anticipar el grado de obsesión e histeria masiva que llegaría a suscitar. Los países ex-soviéticos pronto se volvieron adictos a la telenovela. Los peinados anticuados no parecían importar: los ojos verdes sumergidos en lágrimas de Verónica Castro se convirtieron en los ojos más famosos de Rusia.<span>  </span>Todas las ciudades se paralizaban al llegar la hora de la transmisión de la novela. El día de la transmisión del ultimo episodio de Los Ricos también Lloran fue día de luto general. Se estima que ese día aproximadamente 200 millones de rusos vieron la transmisión, convirtiendo al episodio en el programa más visto en un país en la historia de la televisión.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Mi relación con las telenovelas, como la mayoría de los mexicanos, es compleja y contradictoria: por un lado las miramos con desprecio, como producto basura, y por otro secretamente las hemos visto de reojo y nos hemos dejado entretener por ellas, ya sea por un episodio o dos o como entrega absoluta por una narrativa particular o simplemente como parte de un aspecto cultural nuestro que ha entrado en nuestro subconsciente de una forma aún difícil de explicar. En mi caso, hay también una conexión familiar que no suelo confesar. El hermano de mi madre, Enrique Lizalde,<span>  </span>es actor de telenovela, y de hecho uno de los primeros protagonistas de las primeras producciones que realizó Televisa ( El Derecho de Nacer de 1966, por ejemplo). Mi Mamá decía en las tardes: “voy a ir a ver a tu tío”, y se ponía a planchar enfrente de la televisión hacia las cinco de la tarde—el “prime time” de las telenovelas. El pretexto de “ver a Enrique” era de hecho perfecto para justificar ver el programa cada tarde. Recuerdo haber visto “Chispita” en su totalidad, así como la primera edición de “Corazón Salvaje” y “Mundo de Juguete”. Enrique, quien aún trabaja en telenovelas (ahora por lo general como el padre del protagonista), aparecía con su clásica voz grave y actitud en extremo seria y un tanto amenazadora, prácticamente idéntica en todas las telenovelas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Muchos años después, en el verano del 2001, me encontraba viajando por la costa de Dalmacia cuando, en el tren, entablé una conversación con una niña bosnia de quince años.<span>  </span>“De donde eres?” me preguntó. Al enterarse que yo era de México, su rostro se iluminó: “mi actriz favorita es Jacqueline Andere!”. La niña procedió a recitar una serie de actores mexicanos de telenovela y de series a un nivel de detalle que me dejó atónito, desplegando un conocimiento que sería más apropiado de una vendedora de tortillas de la colonia Doctores. “¿Cómo es posible que sepas tanto de telenovelas mexicanas?”, le dije. “Todas las tardes las veo con mis amigas. Nos encantan y estamos aprendiendo español. ¿Cómo es Coyoacán? En una serie se ve muy agradable.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"><span> </span>Después de hablar un rato más y despedirse, me dijo:<span>  </span>“Eres muy afortunado de provenir de un país donde hay tan grandes artistas”.<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">No mucho tiempo después, al llegar a Zagreb y quedarme en casa de unos amigos, noté que la tía de uno de ellos estaba viendo “Esmeralda”. En la pantalla estaba el tío Enrique, traducido al Croata.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">El éxito rotundo de Los Ricos También Lloran a principio de los noventa marcó el principio de una década de globalización de la telenovela. Este éxito comercial fue de enorme beneficio para los gigantes televisivos de Mexico, Venezuela y Brasil, como Televisa y TVGlobo. En el caso de Televisa, las ventas de derechos de telenovelas se dispararon, llegando a países tan disímiles como Israel y Filipinas y produciendo cientos de miles de dólares en esa década. Estos eventos transformaron a la industria de la telenovela, que pronto asumió un nuevo papel global al comenzar a generar tramas e historias en contextos cada vez más exóticos ( de ahí que surgiera una preferencia por dramas en haciendas del siglo diecinueve).<span>  </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Fue en ese viaje cuando decidí que sería necesario comenzar un proyecto que investigara el origen de esta obsesión global y las razones por las que un producto comercial de esta naturaleza , aparentemente arraigado en dramas tan locales, había alcanzado tales dimensiones de fanatismo internacional.<span>  </span>Sin saber que justo en esos momentos Nicolás Bourriaud estaba comenzando a promover su teoría del arte relacional, nació el Instituto de la Telenovela, un proyecto artístico que era parte instituto de investigación, parte instalación nomádica, y parte una telenovela por entregas. El objetivo sería establecer oficinas de tal instituto en diferentes países donde las telenovelas latinoamericanas han tenido un impacto particular, y a través de programas y otros proyectos, generar debates críticos acerca de las razones por la que esto se estaba dando. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">La fundación Televisa en México me permitió acceso a su archivo en avenida Chapultepec, donde había evidencia de algunos, escasos, programas que investigaban su propia autoconciencia histórica de la telenovela. En México, se podría decir que los tres nombres claves de la fundación de la telenovela fueron Emililo Azcárraga,<span>  </span>Ernesto Alonso y Valentín Pimstein. “El Tigre” Azcárraga, el dueño de Televisa,<span>  </span>marcó el plan comercial de las telenovelas en Latinoamérica y a través de ellas logró expander el alcance global de la televisión mexicana. Su decisión de defender el idioma español y no entrar en cuestiones de traducción fue en particular significativa. Alonso y Pimstein, por su parte, contribuyeon a armar la estructura dramática moderna de la telenovela. Pimstein, un imigrante chileno que se estableció en México, fue de las primeras personas que comenzó a implementar encuestas de audiencia para determinar los desenlaces de las historias, según se narra, yendo a mercados y otros lugares públicos para recoger opiniones. Una de sus frases más famosas de aquellos tiempos era: “si no lo hacemos así, mi sirvienta no lo entenderá.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">La primera ciudad donde establecí el instituto fue en Ljubljana, Eslovenia, en 2002, con ayuda del artista Tadej Pogacar que tenía un espacio llamado Galerija P74. Ljubljana, como la mayoría de las capitales de Europa del Este, tiene una arquitectura urbana del siglo diecinueve combinada con edificios desabridos de la era del comunismo, por lo general en una paleta de ocres y grises. La idea fue contrastar esos colores con un interior telenovelesco que utilizara la tradición del modernismo mexicano de Luis Barragán, con rosas mexicanos, azules y amarillos al estilo del hotel Camino Real. El resultado fue en extremo memorable para los eslovenos, uno de los cuales acabó pintando su casa de los mismos colores posteriormente.<span>  </span>Las telenovelas no eran en absoluto ajenas en Ljubljana; justo unos días antes la actriz principal de la telenovela “Esmeralda”, Leticia Calderón, visitó Ljubljana y fue recibida por aproximadamente mil personas en el aeropuerto ( dado el minusculo tamaño del país, mil personas es una cifra exorbitante).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t202"  style='position:absolute;margin-left:238.05pt;margin-top:254pt;width:162pt;  height:27pt;z-index:6' stroked="f" /><![endif]--></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Un caso similar se dio en Zagreb, Croacia, donde el instituto abrió sus puertas en la forma de un <em>Tequila Bar,</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD"> bajo el título de “Telenovela Bar”.<span>  </span>Las mesas del bar eran a la vez vitrinas donde se mostraban objetos que de hecho constituían la exposición.<span>  </span>De inmediato, el bar se convirtió en un centro importante de sociabilidad. En Croacia se publica una revista, Gloria, que prácticamente está dedicada a las telenovelas latinoamericanas: los actores mexicanos son entrevistados en sus casas en las Lomas o San Angel, de la misma manera en que la revista Vanity Fair entrevistaría a Scarlett Johannson o Angelina Jolie. Un artista local propuso que organizáramos un taller sobre la telenovela. Al anunciarlo, pensé que recibiríamos un grupo de 10 personas cuando mucho. Pero el día del taller llegaron cerca de 100 personas, así como las cámaras de televisión local. El público extrañamente mezclado venía constituído de amas de casa de edad madura, así como de artistas conceptuales locales— una de las mezclas más extrañas de públicos que he presenciado— y sin embargo las discusiones fueron en extremo reveladoras: las amas de casa eran especialistas en el tema, y estaban en extremo familiarizadas con la noción de debatir los aspectos sociológicos de las telenovelas: en todo país, las telenovelas ofrecen material de discusión. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Desde los primeros días de investigaciones del instituto comencé a notar patrones comunes en la manera en que cada país se relacionaba con las telenovelas, y a la vez, la manera en que la relación con las telenovelas revelaba algo acerca de cada país. Una investigadora canadiense, Dense Bombardier, lo describió perfectamente con su frase “Dame una telenovela y te daré una nación.”<span>  </span>En términos generales, sin embargo, las telenovelas implementan lo que el crítico Tomás Lopez-Pumarejo (mi teórico principal del instituto) describió como “el drama de la autoconciencia”: son historias que giran en torno a pregunas ontológicas de tipo “¿donde está mi hijo?” “¿dónde está mi amor?”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Hay una clara relación en la manera en que los melodramas telenovelescos exploran las tensiones sociales de un país y las convierten en terapia colectiva. Este proceso funcionó muy bien entre países que recién emergían del legado comunista, en busca de una especie de búsqueda psicológica donde se trataba de encontrar claridad en relación a los tabús de clase que habían dominado durante esa era &#8212; de manera que un drama centrado en la imposiblidad de un amor por razones sociales o económicas era en extremo poderoso.<span>  </span>Varios estudios de la época en que Los Ricos fueron transmitidos en Rusia indica que las series norteamericanas que también se transmitieron en esa época— como por ejemplo Dallas o Dynasty— si bien eran populares, nunca generaron el mismo nivel de interés debido a que los rusos no se identificaban con los problemas familiares de un millonario petrolero de Dallas. Los niveles altos de producción de esos programas tampoco parecieron importar; de ahí que productoras como Televisa no se preocuparan demasiado por invertir demasiado en la calidad de producción de cada episodio. Era el dramatismo, las emociones a flor de piel, y en parte el contexto exótico lo que le daba un atractivo especial a las telenovelas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">La estructura dramática de la telenovela opera de maneras misteriosas, aludiendo a nuestros deseos o temores reprimidos, y en ocasiones generándolos.<span>  </span>El poder de persuasión de las telenovelas es precisamente su principio fundador. Todo comenzó en la década de los 30 en Chicago, cuado una compañía de detergentes decidió lanzar un comercial en el radio en el que aparecían una madre e hija discurriendo diferentes cosas, con la conversación siempre resultando en la compra o el uso del detergente. Con el tiempo, los diálogos entre estos personajes comenzaron a ser más elaborados, hasta el punto en que el comercial adquirió las proporciones de un programa en sí, pero siempre manteniendo al producto como el <em>leit motiv </em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">de la acción. De ahí que surgiera el término <em>soap opera</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">,<span>  </span>pues se refería por un lado al anunciante original así como al melodrama desbordado del programa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">El grado de persuasión psicológica de las telenovelas está bien documentado: la telenovela <em>Simplemente María</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">, que trataba de la manera en que una sirvienta lograba triunfar en la vida a través de comprar una máquina de coser y tomar clases nocturnas, generó la compra masiva de máquinas de coser en Perú;<span>  </span>en<span>  </span>Cáceres, España, se le hizo un monumento al personaje de la telenovela. La venta de tinte rubio para pelo se incrementa en países donde la actriz principal de una telenovela es rubia; un porcentaje importante de los nombres de niños rusos está basado en actores o personajes de telenovelas.<span>  </span>En Hungría se inició un fondo contra la ceguera como resultado de “Esmeralda”, que trata de la historia de una hermosa mujer ciega.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">El efecto educativo de las telenovelas ha generado iniciativas positivas, tales como campañas en Africa en forma de telenovelas para conscientizar al público en cuanto a problemas como el sida y la drogadicción. Sin embargo, la telenovela no es sino un producto comercial, y como tal, solo obedece intereses comerciales y no necesariamente altruistas. En la década de los noventa, está bien documentado que la alianza de Televisa con el partido revolucionario institucional resultó en una bonanza comercial para la televisora a cambio de generar programación telenovelesca sin contenido político y más profuso en las épocas en que había mayores tensiones en el pais. Como el vehículo comercial más efectivo jamás creado, la telenovela puede ser un gran instrumento demagógico.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Una de las últimas paradas del instituto fue Cuba, el lugar que vio el nacimiento de la telenovela latinoamericana. Fue en Cuba donde, en los años cuarenta la tradición narrativa a nivel radial era la más rica, y el formato de la telenovela fue rápidamente adoptado. Asimismo, a principios de los años cincuenta Cuba contaba con la mayor cantidad de televisores per cápita que la mayoría de otros países, incluyendo Estados Unidos. En 1958 fue lanzada al aire la primera telenovela latinoamericana: <em>El derecho de nacer</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">, que trataba de un hombre blanco criado por una mujer negra, y la búsqueda de éste por su madre biológica. El tema de tensiones raciales que era lógico para la multi-racial sociedad cubana tuvo inmediata acogida en el resto de Latinoamérica.<span>  </span><em>El derecho</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD"> es la telenovela que más se ha vuelto a producir a lo largo de las décadas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Cuando establecimos las oficinas del instituto en Cuba, el impacto fue automático. La televisión misma nos vino a entrevistar, y al día siguiente éramos famosos en Havana vieja. En Cuba la telenovela sigue siendo el medio de entretenimiento por autonomasia, dada la poca variedad de programación que provee la televisión estatal ( el canal gubernamental pasaba eternamente un documental de varias horas de duración, “Fidel en el Congo”.) La ausencia de crítica política era evidente, aunque de vez en cuando se permitía la transmisión de telenovelas de otros países que contenían crítica local, como es el caso de la telenovela colombiana “Betty la fea”, que causó sensación mundial y hoy se ha rehecho en Estados Unidos como “Ugly Betty”.<span>  </span>En un episodio de la novela, Betty, quien trabaja en una oficina, hace un comentario en relación a la economía del país, criticando al ministro de finanzas. Al día siguiente, los diarios colombianos iniciaron una seria arremetida al ministro, analizando las críticas de Betty. El personaje había adquirido el nivel de una figura política a nivel nacional.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">El Instituto organizó mesas redondas con especialistas, productores y actores, performances, publicaciones, lecturas dramáticas y exposiciones dentro de exposiciones, como fue el caso de las fotos de Stefan Ruiz quien documentó la extraña realidad fabricada de los estudios de las telenovelas de Televisa.<span>  </span>Paradójicamente, el instituto nunca llegó a abrirse en México, a pesar de ser el lugar donde todo el material se había originado. Yo mismo desistí de continuar el periplo del instituto, virando a otros temas y consciente que sería<span>  </span>una tarea de toda la vida el continuar viajando a países cada vez más remotos para analizar sus complejas relaciones con los melodramas televisivos. La telenovela también ha evolucionado, adquiriendo nuevos formatos dramáticos y actualizándose en los temas que incluyen la clonación y el 11 de septiembre. Enrique hace cada vez menos apariciones en la tele, y, quizá como él, yo también me he semi-jubilado del tema.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">Pero, como sucede en el mundo de las telenovelas, siempre existe la posiblidad de una secuela, o un <em>remake</em></span><span lang="ES-TRAD">. ****</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p><!--EndFragment--></p>
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		<title>La Fiesta del Asno / The Feast of the Ass</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2008/07/la-fiesta-del-asno-the-feast-of-the-ass/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2008/07/la-fiesta-del-asno-the-feast-of-the-ass/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2008 05:00:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Anecdotary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Performance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Yet Unnamed Things]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Experiential Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Museums]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nonsense]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Transpedagogy]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pablohelguera.net/?p=694</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Feast of the Ass was a Transpedagogical event inspired in the medieval feast of the same name where all social roles were reversed as a donkey was brought into the church presiding as the pope. In a special event at the museum, an actual donkey was brought into the space and an evening ensued [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="attachment_695" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 272px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-695" title="cartel_asno_pleca" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/cartel_asno_pleca-262x400.jpg" alt="cartel_asno_pleca" width="262" height="400" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Poster for The Feast of the Ass, Museo Carrillo Gil, Mexico City, July 2008</p></div>
<p>The Feast of the Ass was a Transpedagogical event inspired in the medieval feast of the same name where all social roles were reversed as a donkey was brought into the church presiding as the pope. In a special event at the museum, an actual donkey was brought into the space and an evening ensued where non-curators presented curatorial projects, non-educators gave tours, non-critics provided criticism, and non-artists performed.  The presentations were the result of a week of workshops where these roles were discussed with more than 40 participants.</p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-696" title="p7190019" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/p7190019-300x400.jpg" alt="p7190019" width="300" height="400" /></p>
<div id="attachment_697" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-697" title="la-fiesta-del-asno-7l" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/la-fiesta-del-asno-7l-400x265.jpg" alt="el asno en el carrillo / the Ass at the Carrillo" width="400" height="265" /><p class="wp-caption-text">el asno en el carrillo / the Ass at the Carrillo</p></div>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-698" title="la-fiesta-del-asno-6l" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/la-fiesta-del-asno-6l-400x265.jpg" alt="la-fiesta-del-asno-6l" width="400" height="265" /></p>
<p><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-699" title="la-fiesta-del-asno-3l" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/la-fiesta-del-asno-3l-400x265.jpg" alt="la-fiesta-del-asno-3l" width="400" height="265" /></p>
<div id="attachment_700" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-medium wp-image-700" title="la-fiesta-del-asno-2l" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/la-fiesta-del-asno-2l-400x265.jpg" alt="criticism panel with non-critics" width="400" height="265" /><p class="wp-caption-text">criticism panel with non-critics</p></div>
<p>[Comentario de Mauricio Marcín sobre la Fiesta del Asno en el museo Carrillo Gil]</p>
<p>¿Por dónde empezar? ¿Cuál es la orilla de una memoria? Ya sé. Unas orejas largas, puntiagudas y erectas. Un disidente se atreve a sostener que dos más dos es tres. Y entonces ¡a mirar la esquina! por burro. Pero luego los burros sirven, casi en el mismo sentido que los locos. Nos muestran las fronteras de la ética y de la moral. Nos muestran también las de la razón. Podríamos ver en un vagabundo de discurso repetitivo nuestro reflejo de elocuencia. Yo estoy bien, porque no soy como él.<br />
A mi todo esto me parece muy frágil. Las fronteras y los centros.<br />
En la Fiesta del Burro, todos éramos otros. Todos fuimos otros. Está bien dejarse ser otro. Pensemos por un segundo que estos cuerpos nuestros que miramos como unidad, de un momento a otro pueden mutar; drásticamente a cucaracha como Gregorio. Pero esa es sólo una de las posibilidades. Somos en potencia miles, cientos de miles, al mismo tiempo. El burro y el sabio, el elocuente y el mutismo. El amo y el siervo.</p>
<p>Mauricio Marcín, 2009</p>
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		<title>On Artistic Historicism</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2007/01/on-artistic-historicism/</link>
		<comments>http://pablohelguera.net/2007/01/on-artistic-historicism/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2007 11:36:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Essays]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Immigration]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[(Three Introductory notes for “A Dictionary of Foreign Time”)
This text was written as an introduction to an exhibition at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum in New York entitled “A Dictionary of Foreign Time”, which opened in January 2007.


1. Foyer: Contemporary Art and Historic Sites
A few years ago, I visited the House of the Seven [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>(Three Introductory notes for “A Dictionary of Foreign Time”)</p>
<p><strong>This text was written as an introduction to an exhibition at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum in New York entitled “A Dictionary of Foreign Time”, which opened in January 2007.</strong></p>
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p><strong>1. Foyer: Contemporary Art and Historic Sites</strong></p>
<p>A few years ago, I visited the House of the Seven Gables, the XVIIIth Century building in Salem that Nathaniel Hawthorne used as his inspiration to write his legendary novel. I had been looking forward for that moment for some time, eagerly expecting to be transported into the strange and fascinating past of New England.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, though, as it is the case of many historic buildings, the only way to visit the site is by following a tour guide, and the woman who became our Virgil in this enterprise looked pretty unexcited about her job. She had evidently done the tour a thousand times, and we clearly were just one more tired round (and the last one for the day, which clearly made the matters worse). I felt bad for her, and also for myself, since we both had to go through something we didn’t want to do to get what we wanted (me, to see the site, she, to get paid). She ran through dates, names and people one after another, explaining terms and preempting question and comments that surely have been asked in the past by previous visitors— and which we would perhaps have asked had we be given a minute to reflect on the dozens of facts and figures she was throwing at us. With her glassy eyes and monotone voice, she was pretty much a living and moving museum label.</p>
<p>Then there is the opposite kind of historic tour, which I have often seen in Mexico and, most delightfully, at archaeological sites offered by unofficial local tour guides to unsuspecting tourists. In this tour variety, historic truth is usually taken liberally and often completely thrown out the window, as we hear guides to tell incredible stories about jaguar priests and moon goddesses and their improbable relationship to the temples or grounds where one is standing. This kind of tour is like storytelling in-progress, as you can often detect that the tour guide has been refining and inserting new details into his story based not on historic accuracy but on what elements of the story would be most impressive to a Swedish teenage bag-packer. Did the Aztecs eat the hearts after the sacrifice? Did they play ball with them? The Pre-Columbian world is a perfect scenario for these kind of tours, because we know so little about so much of it that it would be impossible to ascertain the truth or fantasy of whatever a tour guide is telling us. And, while this is certainly on the other end of the spectrum of historic accuracy, one would have to agree that these sort of tours are, at the very least, entertaining.</p>
<p>Museum interpretation, in an ideal scenario, should be a fair balance between the two extremes- providing necessary information about a site and at the same time encouraging the ability to visualize what could have been there. What matters is the place where one inserts the creative interpretation and where one communicates the factual information.</p>
<p>This is the point where art and historic sites can enter into a productive interpretive relationship. The inherent interpretive openness of art can serve as an antidote to the staleness of historic interpretation, and make a historic artifact become, momentarily, a found object that can acquire new meanings.</p>
<p>But how can we best handle this relationship without turning art into amateur history, or historical narratives into bad novels?</p>
<p><strong><br />
2. Downstairs: Facts and Lyrics of History</strong></p>
<p>Elsa Lizalde, my aunt and my closest living relative in Mexico City, unexpectedly passed away this past summer. She was an opera lover, an authority in numismatics, a gourmet cook and an unparalleled hostess. Always single, she spent her life traveling around Europe and spending her money on the best opera balconies and the best restaurant tables. Her overcrowded apartment was a perfect reflection of her personality: over the top, generous, crowded with souvenirs from her travels and cultural life experiences.</p>
<p>It came upon me, my mother and my sister, to travel from the US to empty out her apartment, which had been in the family home for four generations. Being the last in line of a long genealogy that broke when we emigrated to the U.S., my aunt left behind a true museum of family memorabilia that needed to be dealt with, as well as an overwhelming amount of things that she had accumulated throughout her life as part of her travels, her work, and her compulsive shopping. I thus went through the sad and somber task of selecting and eliminating an overwhelming amount of objects, books and photographs. In general, however, most objects (old train tickets, ashtrays, European souvenirs, empty perfume bottles, concert program notes) had only a symbolic or sentimental value that we could only imagine. And while we were often torn by the idea of disposing of those things that obviously had meant so much to her, we eventually had no option but to get rid of them.</p>
<p>When a person disappears, they take with them a whole world of meaning projected onto every object they once owned, and even if you are fastidious about memorializing, retaining these objects does little to recover the anecdotal stories that lie behind them.</p>
<p>While my aunt was alive, all these objects contained a private, albeit knowable, story, ranging from the silly and trivial to the truly commemorative and meaningful. Once she died, all those objects immediately became plain objects again (with the exception, of course, of those of which we happened to know their meaning and had our own personal attachment). Certainly for a stranger who walked into her apartment at that point the place looked like a museum somehow typical upper middle class apartment of the late Twentieth Century urban Mexico. By studying the objects she owned, a researcher (or a detective-historian) could put together a somehow descriptive history of her taste, travels profession and hobbies. But, with the exception for the stories that those close to her could tell, the specific “lyrics” of her life are now out of reach.</p>
<p>***</p>
<p>At the Tenement Museum in New York’s Lower East Side, most of the objects and people who lived there are gone, and what we have is a historic building that functions within the fabric of New York City in the same way than a romantic medieval ruin would function in England or Germany in the XIXth Century, or the way in which most Pre-Columbian ruins function in contemporary Latin America. It bears the marks of hundreds of stories and experiences, but paradoxically, we practically know nothing of them (other than the general facts of the period and parallel individual histories), and we have not many options but to let the imagination run wild. With the exception of the few remaining anecdotes salvaged through the contact with past living residents there (such as the Italian woman from the Confino family apartment), who do give us a general sense of the life in those rooms, for the most part we can only rely on the general historical data and research about life in those neighborhoods. Most of the objects at the museum are not the original ones, but rather, historical props that help support our narrative interpretations about what happened there.</p>
<p>Carlyle famously wrote that history should be composed of the biographies of the great men— which is another way of saying that regular people aren’t even worth considering. History as often been preoccupied with writing the “great” narratives, and not so much with the personal stories of the average people who lived during those times. In the case of a place like the Tenement Museum, whose protagonists were not famous people but average immigrants, there is a “lyrical vacuum” that we need to fill out through interpretation and imagination.</p>
<p>But aside from the absence of stories, we need to find a significant contextual background against which these stories may come to life and become meaningful to others. Museums that contain the perfectly documented life of historic figures can provide remarkably dull experiences, such as House of the Seven Gables was to me.</p>
<p>Even in today’s information age, where thanks to Myspace and Youtube we may now witness the first generation in the world that may be able to publicly document their own life by the minute, all these infinite stories become a wash, canceling each other in the tumult of commonplace descriptions and situations. The only ones that emerge may have less to do with the content than with the way in which they have been told.</p>
<p>And it is against this paradox of history where art has stepped in providing that interpretive appreciation. History may have given us the facts and the accurate theoretical evaluation about why certain things were the way they were, but the emotional character of a certain historical age have largely been artistic creations, such as the characters of Balzac and Dickens in the XIXth Century and Hollywood’s characters in the XXth.</p>
<p>There is certainly something mischievous about the way in which art co-opts the historic narrative and turns it into a human story, because<br />
historic accuracy usually gives way to its dramatization, creating distorted perceptions of what may actually have happened, for the sake of art. From the tour guide in Teotihuacán making fabulous histories of moon goddesses and jaguars to Mel Gibson’s Apocalypto, history becomes a medium for art with varying degrees of historical credibility and too often the ability to influence our collective perception of historical episodes or events that may be complete fabrications (How can any historian may be able to correct now the perception that Mozart was the adolescent prankster as portrayed in “Amadeus”, or that most people in turn-of-the-century Paris weren’t dancing rap-like rhythms as suggested in “Moulin Rouge”?) It is a particularly irritating process when a complex historical narrative is turned into cheap or oversimplified bestselling story. In this scenario, history tends to become something of an endorser for movies that make the vague claim of “based on a true story”, as if for that reason the story being told necessarily had a greater charge of reality than one story that was purely inspired in imaginary events.</p>
<p>But this characteristic of art that plays the role of history may just underline the fact that academic historical narratives usually fail at connecting with the viewer at a personal level. What art really does, more than transporting us to another time and place, is to transport that time and place to our own time, translating it into our contemporary visual and narrative codes. And, in the case of absent historical data, art becomes a filler for those gaps.  In the best cases, art doesn’t function like a replacement of history, but rather in its soul. It enacts a relationship that has existed from the earliest times: mythology is nothing but an artistic attempt to fill in an incomplete history.<br />
In the end, we can’t understand without interpretation, and we can’t interpret without creativity.</p>
<p>The best metaphor that I can think of to describe the way in which art plays the role of history, is the one of a tendentious dictionary: one that provides entirely subjective, and yet fairly concrete, responses to complex puzzles of time.</p>
<p><strong>3. Upstairs: Foreign Pasts and Familiar Futures</strong></p>
<p>LP Hartley’s famous phrase “The past is like a foreign country: they do things differently there” adequately describes the feeling of familiarity and yet displacement that most people feel when they enter into a space like the Tenement Museum. We are twice removed from the reality we visit, both because it is distant in time and because it tells the stories of immigrants coming from distant places.</p>
<p>However, this phrase is also significant in the context of the historical site because it helps dispel the assumption that is communicated by the traditional interpretation such as the one I saw at the House of the Seven Gables: history is never a set narrative, but one in constant reinterpretation. Rather it is a set of markers with a multiplicity of meanings. While historic facts and figures may be unchangeable, our view about those facts is never the same, not to mention that facts alone can never transmit the essence of a place (like Elsa Lizalde’s apartment).</p>
<p>“The future is not what it used to be” is a phrase written by one of the most influential poets of the XIXth Century, Paul Valery.  At a first glance, it is intended to be humorous (by definition, the future can’t stop being “what it was”, because it can never occur before it happens). What Valery is really talking about is that our own collective outlook of the future, or rather, the cultural role that the notion of the future plays in our present time, is not anymore regarded in the same way than in the past. The meaning of this phrase can be interesting to think about when we compare the attitudes towards the future that we’ve had over the generations. Can we claim to have the same degree of optimism that existed, say, in the U.S. after World War II, or have we grown more cynical about what is to come?</p>
<p>In the context of today&#8217;s America and the current political situation in which our national outlook feels bleaker than ever before and there is a sense that we keep making the same mistakes of the past, we may want to ask on whether we are more detached from the past than we should be, or the reasons for which the old proverbial, post-war American optimism of the future has today turned into delusion in some and pessimism in others. The answer to those questions may vary widely, but most would agree that they lie in how we adequately manage to learn from the past and plan for the future.</p>
<p>While either of them may not have had politics in mind, the one thing that both Valery and Hartley may have agreed on is that our relationship with time is ever-shifting, and that things look different, and sometimes to the point of seeming incomprehensible, as we move forward in time. And, in the same way that we may judge those who lived before us, so we will be judged by those who come after us. We happen to be the future of the people who lived at what is now a museum, and we also are the past of those who may one day live in our own homes—which, who knows, may one day be turned into museums. •••</p>
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		<title>Panamerican Diary</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2006/06/panamerican-diary/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jun 2006 11:11:15 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Anecdotary]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The Panamerican Diary is a an edition of 120 works that describe the 120 days of ground journey from Anchorage to Tierra del Fuego undertaken as part of The School of Panamerican Unrest. The full narration of the journey can be found at www.panamericanismo.org
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Panamerican Diary is a an edition of 120 works that describe the 120 days of ground journey from Anchorage to Tierra del Fuego undertaken as part of The School of Panamerican Unrest. The full narration of the journey can be found at <a href="http://www.panamericanismo.org.">www.panamericanismo.org</a></p>

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		<title>The School of Panamerican Unrest</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2006/06/the-school-of-panamerican-unrest/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jun 2006 10:08:10 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Installation]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pablohelguera.net/?p=190</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The School of Panamerican Unrest is an ongoing public art project initiated in 2003 whose main component was a cross-continental journey, by car, from Anchorage to Tierra de Fuego, that took place in the summer of 2006. A portable schoolhouse structure was installed in a variety of plazas, museums and other public spaces within which [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The School of Panamerican Unrest is an ongoing public art project initiated in 2003 whose main component was a cross-continental journey, by car, from Anchorage to Tierra de Fuego, that took place in the summer of 2006. A portable schoolhouse structure was installed in a variety of plazas, museums and other public spaces within which the public was presented with films, discussions and performances around the subject of the Panamerican ideals of the XIXth century and the current social and political issues.</p>
<div id="attachment_1584" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 410px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1584" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/school-of-pan.-unr-copy.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1584" title="school of pan. unr copy" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/school-of-pan.-unr-copy-400x302.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="302" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Preparatory Sketch for fist pilot school at Shedhalle, Zurich, 2003</p></div>
<p>At each one of its 25 stops, the project included a discussion with local artists, writers, activists or general public, workshops, films, the collective writing and reading of a speech, and the performance of a &#8220;Panamerican Anthem&#8221;. The project covered 25,000 ground miles, making it the most extensive public art project ever completed. A full traveling exhibition and documentary was presented in 2007-2009. Further information of this project is available at <a href="http://www.panamericanismo.org" target="_blank">www.panamericanismo.org.</a></p>
<div id="attachment_1586" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 510px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1586" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/zurichworkshop.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-1586" title="zurichworkshop" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/zurichworkshop.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="375" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Mary Ellen Strom and other participants at First SPU workshop, Zurich, May 2003</p></div>
<div id="attachment_977" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 410px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-977" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/escultura-circle-preview-139.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-977" title="escultura-circle-preview-139" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/escultura-circle-preview-139-400x266.jpg" alt="Panamerican Address at the opening of the exhibition Escultura Social at the MCA Chicago, June 2007" width="400" height="266" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Panamerican Address at the opening of the exhibition Escultura Social at the MCA Chicago, June 2007</p></div>
<div id="attachment_1592" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 319px"><a rel="attachment wp-att-1592" href="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/SCHOOL-TXT.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-1592" title="SCHOOL TXT" src="http://pablohelguera.net/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/SCHOOL-TXT-309x400.jpg" alt="" width="309" height="400" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">first textbook for the SPU, Zurich, 2003</p></div>
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		<title>Por un arte clandestino &#8211; conversación con Stephen Wright (2006)</title>
		<link>http://pablohelguera.net/2006/04/por-un-arte-clandestino-conversacion-con-stephen-wright-2006/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2006 04:09:57 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[ENTREVISTA CON STEPHEN WRIGHT / Pablo Helguera (parte 1)
[texto perteneciente al foro virtual de la Escuela Panamericana del Desasosiego, abril del 2006. Stephen Wright es filósofo y escritor canadiense residente en París.]

Pablo Helguera:
Stephen, hace unos años escribiste sobre las complejidades que rodean a la noción del &#8220;uso-valor&#8221; del arte, planteando la pregunta de si el [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span><strong><span>ENTREVISTA CON STEPHEN WRIGHT / Pablo Helguera (parte 1)</span></strong></span></p>
<p><span><strong></strong>[texto perteneciente al foro virtual de la Escuela Panamericana del Desasosiego, abril del 2006. Stephen Wright es filósofo y escritor canadiense residente en París.]<br />
</span><br />
<strong><span><em><span>Pablo Helguera:</span></em><br />
</span></strong><em><span>Stephen, hace unos años escribiste sobre las complejidades que rodean a la noción del &#8220;uso-valor&#8221; del arte, planteando la pregunta de si el arte podría escapar a su paradigma de representación para ir más allá del &#8220;explorar&#8221;, o &#8220;analizar&#8221; una cuestión política o social. (</span></em><a href="http://www.apexart.org/images/wright/wright.pdf" target="_blank"><em><span>http://www.apexart.org/images/wright/wright.pdf</span></em></a>).<em><span><br />
En otro ensayo afirmas que &#8220;la cuestion de uso-valor radica en identificar una funcion universalmente genuina y específicamente exclusiva al arte&#8221;. Para mí, la pregunta del papel del arte en la sociedad se ha convertido en un tema más importante que nunca en este mundo post-9/11, y creo que debe de ser tratado. ¿En donde te posicionas ahora en términos de la &#8220;utilidad&#8221; del arte? ¿Cuales crees que son los atributos o características que debe de tener un arte que se involucre con las comunidades en una variedad de niveles? ¿O crees que el arte puede encontrar su utilidad al simplemente aceptar su papel convencional en el ámbito simbólico?</span></em></p>
<p><span><strong>Stephen Wright:</strong></span><br />
<span>Con respecto al preámbulo de tu primera pregunta: escribes que &#8220;el papel del arte en la sociedad se ha vuelto aún más importante en el mundo posterior al 11 de septiembre&#8221; ¡Qué afirmación mas contraintuitiva! ¿Tienes alguna razón empírica para creer tal cosa? A mí me parecería, al menos en la apariencia de los hechos, que el arte en sí más o menos ha dejado de jugar cualquier papel en determinar el destino de la esfera pública en donde se despliega. Digo &#8220;arte en sí&#8221; porque por supuesto lo que llamo &#8220;habilidad artística&#8221; (habilidades de generación de imagen, y atributos artísticos como autonomía, creatividad, inventividad, y la aceptación de la no-remuneración monetaria, estrategias discrepantes de talento, etcétera) han sido presas rehén y apropiadas por la racionalidad estratégica del capitalismo contemporáneo.</span></p>
<p><span>De manera que el arte ha visto aquello que solía ser específico a sí mismo ser sublimado a modelos de negocios, relación individualizada de labor y estrategias de publicidad—y en ese sentido, sí, su papel es más importante que nunca. Incluso los artistas de video como Osama Bin Laden hacen un uso sutil de creación de imagen que se anclan en la historia del arte reciente (si yo fuera historiador de arte, estaría muy atento a las decisiones que &#8220;Big Bin&#8221; ha tomado en sus varios videos: encuadre, fondo, decorado, etc. debe de ser analizado con herramientas de crítica de arte y vocabulario conceptual. Pero, admitámoslo, estos videos no son obras de arte autónomas, a pesar de su valor considerable de entretenimento.)</span></p>
<p><span>No, en mi opinión, el arte ha sido sublimado o marginalizado por la producción simbólica dominante. Y desafortunadamente no ha mostrado demasiada resistencia ante esta coerción. Por un lado, esto es debido a que ha buscado proteger sus privilegios simbólicos en la sociedad. Y aún mas importante, porque ha tratado de proteger sus privilegios ontológicos en el orden simbólico: el arte hoy, en gran medida, es performativo; esto es, porque el mundo del arte lo proclama como tal, a pesar de ser idéntico a &#8220;la mera cosa verdadera&#8221; como dirían los filósofos analíticos. Esta es la encrucijada con la que carga el dilema de uso-valor: al proclamar &#8220;esto es arte&#8221; uno también está admitiendo &#8220;esto es SOLO arte&#8221;— Y no aquella cosa corrosiva y merecedora de censura.</span></p>
<p><span>Para tener uso-valor, entonces, el arte tiene que renunciar al arte, o al menos, sacrificar su visibilidad como arte. El arte tiene que rendirse ante sí mismo. </span></p>
<p><span>De manera que cuando hablas de público, esto es lo más lejos de lo que uno puede distanciarse cuando me refiero al arte cargado de uso-valor. Porque me refiero a una clase de arte sin obra de arte, sin autoría (sin ser firmado por artista alguno) y sobretodo sin espectadores o públicos. Es visible, público, y por supuesto visto—pero no es arte. De esa manera no puede ser descartado como &#8220;solo arte&#8221;, es decir, una trasgresión simbólica, de las cuales hemos visto tantas veces y cuyo objetivo es promover la postura del artista dentro de la economía reivindicada. </span></p>
<p><span>Afortunadamente, hay cada vez más de esta clase de arte cargado de uso-valor. Lo denomino arte clandestino. Arte debajo del radar. Es el trabajo de agentes secretos (trabajando bajo diferentes paisajes ontológicos) y entes furtivos, quienes por definición nunca firman su obra.</span></p>
<p><span>Pero, en este caso, firmaré este correo!</span><br />
<span>Stephen.<br />
</span><br />
<span><br />
<strong>ENTREVISTA CON STEPHEN WRIGHT / Pablo Helguera (parte 2)</strong></p>
<p><span><em><strong><span>Pablo Helguera:</span></strong></em><br />
</span><em>Stephen, en el último </em>InSite<em> (un proyecto de arte público fronterizo en Tijuana y San Diego), la artista Judi Werthein introdujo un tipo de zapato denominado Brinco, el cual fue ofrecido como regalo para indocumentados del lado mexicano y fue vendido en las boutiques exclusivas de San Diego. (</em></span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4445342.stm" target="_blank"><span><em>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4445342.stm</em></span></a>).<br />
<span><em>El zapato fue anunciado como uno de los proyectos de InSite, o sea, un proyecto artístico. El proyecto funcionó a nivel práctico para los que cruzaban la frontera, y llamaba la atención al problema migratorio del otro lado. El hecho de que era &#8220;solo&#8221; un proyecto artístico no pareció disminuir el interés de la prensa, ni de los inmigrantes que obtuvieron los zapatos tennis. Posiblemente, el proyecto no prosperó como producto de mercado, pero argumentaría que el proyecto aún así tuvo bastante efecto sin abandonar su identidad como &#8220;arte&#8221;. Para los indocumentados que cruzaban la frontera, supongo que no importaba si el zapato era arte o no— lo único que les importaba seguramente era conseguir zapatos gratis. También se podría argumentar que el proyecto operó simbólicamente hasta cierto punto, ya que la empresa fue realizada a escala limitada. Pero la atención que recibió fue real, así como el intercambio social que realizó.</em></span><br />
<span><em></em></span><br />
<span><em>Mi pregunta a tí tiene que ver con tu afirmación de que el arte se desarma a sí mismo cuando se proclama a sí mismo como &#8220;arte&#8221; o (&#8220;sólo arte&#8221;). Mientras que creo que tienes razón que el arte tiende a aislarse a sí mismo, también tenemos la tendencia de menospreciar la respuesta del público, que muchas veces es sorprendente- y que, por lo general, no está bajo el control del artista. Considerando ejemplos como el que menciono, ¿no crees acaso que el uso-valor del arte radica no en el publicitar o esconder su identidad como arte sino en la respuesta efectiva del público?</em></span><br />
<span><em></em></span><br />
<span><em>De la misma manera en que las caricaturas danesas del profeta Muhammed han enfurecido a países enteros de musulmanes que no admiten la idea de que estos son &#8220;solo caricaturas&#8221;, ¿no crees que el arte tal y como lo entendemos hoy en día en el sentido convencional puede operar en el ámbito simbólico con efectos reales y sin necesidad de adoptar una identidad secreta? Y si no, ¿qué clase de cosas puede conseguir el &#8220;arte clandestino&#8221; que el arte como la obra de Werthein no puede conseguir?</em></span></p>
<p><span><strong><span>Stephen Wright:</span><br />
</strong></span><span>Estimado Pablo, puesto que trabajo como crítico de arte, no me es ajena la idea de que el arte puede tener &#8220;uso-valor&#8221; sin ocultar su estatus como arte o eliminando su visibilidad como arte. Y, para la gente que le gusta esa clase de cosas- es decir, los hermeneutas que van a museos y galerías- creo que se puede argumentar sólidamente que el arte altamente auto-reflexivo y cuidadosamente compuesto que se muestra puede realmente producir uso-valor a través de alterar las líneas divisorias de la cognición sensorial. </span><br />
<span>Esta línea de pensamiento es seguida de la manera más persuasiva por alguien como Jaques Rancière, quien cree que la gente como yo estamos muy errados en tratar de darle eficacidad al arte (uso-valor) al intentar insertarlo en el mundo real como algo que no es. El arte no tiene por qué ser politizado, argumentaría él, de la misma manera en que la política no tiene por qué ser estetizada, porque tanto el arte como la política tienen líneas divisorias enmedio como lo tienen la música y el ruido.</span></p>
<p><span>Mi respuesta es que, mientras que sin duda esto es cierto para la élite, si el arte pudiera tener mucho efecto en el orden dominante de las cosas sin dejar sus espacios autónomos, ya lo sabríamos ahora. </span></p>
<p><span>Fue una gran conquista para el arte el forjar, dentro de la esfera pública, espacios y tiempos autónomos (como los museos) para operar, pero hoy en día éstos se han vuelto más bien una manera de contenerlo, y al hacerlo, desarmarlo. Es sobre esta base que siento que el arte tiene que evadir los recursos de enmarcamiento del mundo del arte—y que muchos artistas hoy en día tienen esa intuición, aunque muchos tímidamente se alejan de tomar los pasos necesarios para conseguir una verdadera práctica de arte clandestino. A mi ver, esta práctica requiere el abandonar la obra, la autoría y el público.</span></p>
<p><span>Tu ejemplo me parece ser una especie de híbrido entre los dos, como si el arte tuviera el deber de retener su coeficiente de visibilidad artística, manteniendo un pie en el estribo del mundo del arte, mientras que a la vez dándole rienda suelta a sus aspiraciones de intervenir en el mundo real. Esta clase de acercamiento ofrece inevitablemente toda clase de trampas, y todas ellas tienen que ver con la dramática discrepancia del balance de poder entre la institución artística y la institución del estado de poder, entre el capital simbólico de los artistas y el de los inmigrantes. El proyecto que describes es un caso clásico de elevación de consciencia— utilizando al arte como recurso simbólico para llamar la atención a una situación injusta.</span></p>
<p><span>Realmente este proyecto tiene poco que ver con la propuesta que estoy argumentando aquí de que el arte alcance una identidad ontológica dual: tú mismo admites que el aspecto comercial no era tan real y podía solo ser sostenido por una inversión de capital proveniente del mundo del arte. Aunque la gente hablara del evento y de la problemática, su conclusión inevitablemente sería: esta artista y sin duda otros como ella están en contra de la política fronteriza de los Estados Unidos y simpatizan con los pobres inmigrantes. ¿Qué clase de orden semiótico va a alterar este proyecto? Pero es potencialmente peor que el verdadero ganador en este tipico embrollo de estética relacional sea inevitablemente el artista— ella es la única cuyo nombre mencionas (los inmigrantes son anónimos), ella es la única acumulando capital simbólico al hacer que el mundo del arte aclame su proyecto social o lo que sea. Los zapatos que ella les &#8220;dio&#8221; a los indocumentados no eran &#8220;regalo&#8221; alguno— eran una inversión de su parte, parte de una economía de intercambio simbólico y lucrativo que ella inició, administró, y en donde los que recibieron los zapatos simplemente jugaron un papel de participantes &#8220;invitados&#8221;.</span></p>
<p><span>Esta es una cuestión moral a la que la estética relacional raramente le presta atención— aunque por supuesto, no tiene mucho caso ponerse demasiado igualitario sobre estas cosas. Sin embargo, hay una gran ambiguedad en la comunidad de la estética relacional acerca de dónde radica el uso-valor del arte. El hablar de uso-valor es admitir que el criterio de eficiencia y efectividad ha sido tomado en consideración. Y es absurdamente ineficiente inventar tal proyecto si la finalidad es regalar zapatos. Similarmente, si la idea es atraer atención de la prensa hacia este proyecto, es ineficiente hacerlo en la forma de un proyecto artístico, puesto que puede ser descartado como sólo arte.</span></p>
<p><span>Siendo que el cruce de fronteras se basa en el control de identidad, me parece particularmente inapropiado que el arte proclame su verdadera identidad de una manera tan abierta en vez de buscar una relación mimética con la situación del indocumentado clandestino, y como ellos, disimular su propia identidad. El arte clandestino es como el indocumentado, como un agente secreto. De manera que ¿por qué el arte tan insistentemente rehúsa abandonar su visibilidad artística— aún siendo que al hacerlo tendría que la ventaja explícita de darle mayor uso-valor e incluso hacerlo mejor arte ( siempre y cuando hubiera adecuación de forma y contenido)? Sospecho que es debido a la constancia de la firma —es decir, la identidad ocupacional del artista—y por el tipo de reconocimiento que provee el mundo del arte, que siguen siendo la comodidad más valorada por la cultura empresarial.</span></p>
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